When1: 1250
When2: 1300
Who: Franciscans
What: philosophic school
Where: England
Detail: School included Roger Bacon and John Peckham.
Epistemology
People can study feelings, personalities, and social relations empirically.
People can know the good only by revelation, not reason.
Ethics
People are independent selves and Forms, with free will. Acts can be good if God so wills them.
Ideas arise deterministically, so no choice exists.
People can only love God.
Metaphysics
God's will has no limit, even from itself. God wills the good and that makes it good.
Reality is all individual things. All individual things are independent and have Form. Classes have countable numbers of members {principle of individuation} {individuation, Franciscan}. However, negatives of classes cannot be individual or countable. Body is matter, not essence.
Mind
People are independent selves and Forms. Will controls, and is independent of, intellect.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224