Knowledge is not always justified true belief, because belief can be true and justified but not knowledge {Gettier problem} [1963: Edmund Gettier]. Justification applies to first object, but truth applies to second object. First object can mistakenly seem to be second object.
case
Justified and true beliefs {Gettier-case} are not sufficient for subjects to know propositions. People can believe true and justified probabilistic statements but not know statement instances. On movie sets, all but one house can be façades, and people not knowing this can look at the real house and state their belief that it is a house. This proposition is true but only by chance. If people do know almost all houses are facades, people state their belief that main house is also not a house.
Social Sciences>Philosophy>Epistemology>Knowledge>Justification
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Date Modified: 2022.0224