Knowledge needs justification {justification, knowledge}. Justification is about probable beliefs. Justification does not allow chance truth. Beliefs must match relevant evidence and/or use valid methods. Justification cannot use incorrect reasoning/cognition and cannot use incorrect facts or ignore facts. Evidence and methods can be internal, such as introspections, mental states, or cognitive processes, or external, such as objective reliability tests.
Beliefs can have true evidence {evidentialism}, known by subjects. Evidence comes from perception, introspection, memory, and reasoning.
Reliable methods can justify beliefs {reliabilism}. Beliefs can have valid knowing methods used by subjects. Methods can be perception, introspection, memory, and reasoning. Reliable methods can be their own justification or require further knowledge. Sensory and perceptual beliefs co-vary with external world, based on perceptual abilities, and so can have justification.
Knowledge is not always justified true belief, because belief can be true and justified but not knowledge {Gettier problem} [1963: Edmund Gettier]. Justification applies to first object, but truth applies to second object. First object can mistakenly seem to be second object.
case
Justified and true beliefs {Gettier-case} are not sufficient for subjects to know propositions. People can believe true and justified probabilistic statements but not know statement instances. On movie sets, all but one house can be façades, and people not knowing this can look at the real house and state their belief that it is a house. This proposition is true but only by chance. If people do know almost all houses are facades, people state their belief that main house is also not a house.
6-Philosophy-Epistemology-Knowledge
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225