When1: 1610
When2: 1638
Who: Galileo Galilei
What: mathematician/physicist/astronomer/inventor
Where: Italy
works\ Sidereal Messenger or Starry Messenger [1619]; Dialogue Concerning the Two Great World Systems [1632]; On Two New Sciences or Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences [1638]; pendulum clock; compound microscope [1610]
Detail: He lived 1564 to 1642 and invented {pendulum clock} {compound microscope}.
He established pendulum isochronism. He noted constant gravity acceleration: heavy weights and light weights fall with same acceleration. He invented force parallelogram and found motion laws. He developed the idea of Permanence of Form.
He found that integers have one-to-one correspondence with squares and found curve areas and volumes.
He perfected refracting telescopes, invented in Netherlands [1608].
He described Jupiter moons [1610], Moon craters and mountains, sunspots [1613], Venus phases, and Milky-Way-galaxy stars. He described how Earth moved around Sun. He used curve lengths and areas in astronomy.
He saw the seven photoreceptors in compound-eye optical elements.
Epistemology
Physical laws are the same whether one is standing still or moving. Knowledge is about mathematical motion laws and motion relations, not about Forms or Being. Mathematics and measurement are for mechanics and experiments, not just for formal geometry and number theory. Experiments must simplify situation to allow measurement. Measurements suggest best-fitting mathematical formula, hypothesis to which later data can fit.
Metaphysics
In impacts, causes and effects are motion exchanges, not essence transfers and not Form acting on matter, and apply only to object states and motions. Material actions are object movements, with no supernatural or spiritual causes and no teleology.
Physical Sciences>Physics>History>Invention
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Date Modified: 2022.0224