He lived 1564 to 1642 and invented {pendulum clock} {compound microscope}.
He established pendulum isochronism. He noted constant gravity acceleration: heavy weights and light weights fall with same acceleration. He invented force parallelogram and found motion laws. He developed the idea of Permanence of Form.
He found that integers have one-to-one correspondence with squares and found curve areas and volumes.
He perfected refracting telescopes, invented in Netherlands [1608].
He described Jupiter moons [1610], Moon craters and mountains, sunspots [1613], Venus phases, and Milky-Way-galaxy stars. He described how Earth moved around Sun. He used curve lengths and areas in astronomy.
He saw the seven photoreceptors in compound-eye optical elements.
Epistemology
Physical laws are the same whether one is standing still or moving. Knowledge is about mathematical motion laws and motion relations, not about Forms or Being. Mathematics and measurement are for mechanics and experiments, not just for formal geometry and number theory. Experiments must simplify situation to allow measurement. Measurements suggest best-fitting mathematical formula, hypothesis to which later data can fit.
Metaphysics
In impacts, causes and effects are motion exchanges, not essence transfers and not Form acting on matter, and apply only to object states and motions. Material actions are object movements, with no supernatural or spiritual causes and no teleology.
He lived 1736 to 1806 and invented Coulomb's law [1785]. At fluid boundaries, fluid does not slip {no-slip condition, Coulomb}.
He lived 1745 to 1827 {electrostatic generator}.
He lived 1781 to 1868 and improved Wheatstone's stereoscope {kaleidoscope, Brewster}. Polarization maximizes when polarization angle tangent {Brewster's angle} equals reflecting-medium refractive index {Brewster's law} [1814].
He lived 1802 to 1875. Corresponding eye image points have greater separation for near objects than for distant ones {stereoscope, Wheatstone}.
He lived 1832 to 1919 and invented cathode rays [1861] {spinthariscope}.
He lived 1840 to 1917 and studied feedback loops {mechanical relay}. Loops {feedback loop} can continuously measure output {indicator, feedback}, modify feedback-loop input {executive organ, feedback}, connect indicator and executive organ {transmitter, feedback}, and supply energy {motor, feedback}. Difference between intended goal and indicator measurement modifies feedback-loop input, to bring system output nearer to goal.
He lived 1874 to 1937 and invented wireless communication telegraphy, radio [1895], filters, amplifiers, and tuners {radio, Marconi}.
He lived 1873 to 1961 and invented vacuum tube amplifiers [1906] {vacuum tube amplifier}.
He lived 1890 to 1954.
He lived 1912 to 1977 and developed rockets [1942].
He lived 1900 to 1979 and invented holograms and Gabor filter [1946]. Instruments cannot measure both frequency and time precisely and simultaneously. Impulses happen at precise times, but impulses have wide component-frequency range. For one frequency, wave cycle happens over wave period. The tradeoff defines the minimum information quantity {quantum, information}.
He lived 1910 to 1999. Oil with iron filings {magnetorheological fluid, Rabinow} can turn solid in magnetic fields [1949]. Electrorheological fluids become solid in high electric fields.
Townes lived 1915 to ?. Schawlow lived 1921 to 1999. Aleksandr M. Prokhorov [1916 to 2002] and Nikolai G. Basov [1922 to 2001] of Russia discovered maser and laser ideas, as did Joseph Weber [1919 to ?] of USA.
He lived 1926 to ? and invented the bubble chamber [1955].
He lived 1909 to 1991 and invented Polaroid photography {instant photography} and polaroid filters.
Epistemology
Color perception depends on relative reflectances. People see colors based on red, green, and blue intensity ratios from neighboring and separated regions {retinex theory, Land}. Two-color mixtures can produce full color range.
He lived 1946 to ? {compact disc}.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225