When1: 1666
When2: 1704
Who: Isaac Newton [Newton, Isaac]
What: physicist/mathematician
Where: England
works\ Principia [1671 and 1687]; Universal Arithmetic [1680]; Opticks or Optics [1704]
Detail: He lived 1642 to 1727 and developed gravity and force laws [1687]. He stated three motion laws and universal-gravitation law.
He invented a light-particle theory and used prisms to separate sunlight into different-color rays. Colors bend by different amounts, but rays cannot further separate or bend [1666].
He invented dy/dx differentiation, infinitesimal calculus, prime-ratio method, ultimate-ratio method, infinite series, fundamental theorem of calculus, differentiation, limits, and limit theorem. He studied polar and bipolar coordinates and invariance under transformation. He invented Newton's parallelogram, Newton's root-finding method, and physical "action".
For one dimension, shear stress F equals shear viscosity µ times derivative of horizontal velocity v with orthogonal coordinate y {linear constitutive relation}: F = µ * dv / dy. This law relates stress to strain rate and usually has three dimensions. This relation leads to the later Navier-Stokes equations.
Epistemology
Spinning discs with varying-area colored segments can make new colors. Average star mass provides absolute reference for accelerated motion, including rotational motion. Water in spinning buckets is concave, because it rotates with respect to universe and not with respect to bucket {bucket argument, Newton}.
"Hypotheses non fingo" or "I feign no hypotheses (about the causes of gravity)" is a phrase in the General Scholium essay of the Principia, 2nd edition [1713].
Physical Sciences>Physics>History>Cosmology
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Date Modified: 2022.0224