Entangling many particle states allows solving factoring and other iterative problems {quantum computing}|. Light or particle wave superposition and interference can extract features, as in holograms and database queries.
topology
Topological quantum computing involves topological qubits. Paired excitations in a two-dimensional electron gas {anyon} have world lines that can braid to change topological properties. Knot invariants and quantum two-dimensional surface evolution over time are equivalent. In three dimensions, particles must be fermions, whose wave functions invert when fermion pairs interchange, or bosons, whose wave functions do not change when boson pairs interchange. In two dimensions, particle wave functions can show complex phases when particle pairs interchange. Spin interchanges can be clockwise or counterclockwise. If interchange results in same state, change is Abelian. Topological quantum computing must be non-Abelian to make distinct braids.
Thermal effects can create extra anyons, so temperature must be near 0 K. Larger computers can keep anyon pairs farther apart and at longer distances, to reduce spurious interactions.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224