Sport {archery}| can use curved flexible wood {bow, archery} with a string tied at ends. Bows can have a cradle in which to draw string. Bows shoot projectiles {arrow} with a straight stick {shaft}, a point at one end, and feather fins {fletching} and a notch {nock} at other end. Targets are circles.
Sport {boxing}| can have three-minute rounds for 3 to 15 rounds, in a roped square {ring, boxing}. Boxers use gloves. Boxers can knock {punch, boxing} opponent unconscious {knockout, boxing} (KO) or unable to return to ring {technical knockout} (TKO). Boxers can win on points from judges. Hitting below the belt {low blow} is illegal. Hitting kidneys is illegal.
Sport {bullfight}| can have a bullfighter {matador, bullfight} to face the bull and an assistant {picador} to place spikes in the bull to madden it, in a bullring.
Trained falcons can catch game or fly, on command {falconry}|. Falconers wear a glove, on which falcons can land. Falcons wear hoods when not performing.
Sport {fencing}| can use foil, saber, or dueling sword {epée}. Fencer starts {on guard} and then can move forward {lunge}, block opponent's weapon {parry, fencing}, or move backward {retreat, fencing}.
Track and field has events {field event}|. Use a pole to jump over a bar {pole vault}. Jump over bar {high jump}. Run and jump {long jump}. Hop, skip, and jump {triple jump}. Throw a 16-pound ball {shot put}. Throw a heavy disk {discus}. Throw a weight on a chain {hammer throw}. Throw a spear {javelin throw}. Decathlon has 10, heptathlon has 7, and pentathlon has 5 field and track events.
Sport {gymnastics}| can use vaulting horse or long horse, parallel horse or side horse, parallel bars or uneven parallel bars, horizontal bar, stationary rings, balance beam, floor exercise, and calisthenics.
Sport {hunting}| can stalk and shoot game in fields, with rifles or bows.
Sport {roller-skating}| can use shoes with wheels.
Sport {shooting}| can include skeet, trap, target, small-bore rifle, large-bore rifle, and pistol shooting.
Sport {skydiving}| can be a free fall and then parachuting.
Sport {trampoline}| can use a canvas, on which people can bounce, attached to a frame by elastic ropes.
Sport {weight lifting}| can lift overhand from ground to chest {clean and press}, lift overhand from ground to over head {clean and jerk}, lift underhand from ground to chest {snatch}, and push from holder up and bring back while lying on back {bench press}.
Sport {wrestling}| can be free style, Greco-Roman, or sumo. Fall, pin, headlock, hammerlock, toehold, body slam, arm lock, leg lock, chin lock, full nelson, half nelson, scissors, and body press score points.
Sport {calisthenics}| can include jumping jacks, pull-ups, push-ups, knee bends, duck waddles, sit-ups, chin-ups, toe touching, medicine ball throwing, and isometric exercises.
Exercising {conditioning, athletics}| can have 10-minute warm-up, 10-minute high level, and 10-minute cool down, at least three times a week. High-level exercise is jogging, cycling, rope skipping, running, swimming, walking, and straddle hopping.
Intensity is 75% of maximum oxygen intake capacity or 75% of maximum heart rate. Use the following heart rates for high-level exercise. Age 25 to 29 is 135 to 164. Age 30 to 34 is 132 to 161. Age 35 to 39 is 129 to 157. Age 40 to 44 is 126 to 153. Age 45 to 49 is 124 to 150. Age 50 to 54 is 122 to 148. Age 55 to 59 is 119 to 144. Age 60 to 64 is 117 to 142. Age 65 to 69 is 114 to 138.
People should twist, stretch, and compress body muscles {exercise, activity}|, so joints move in all possible ways. Exercise makes heartbeat fast and breathing hard. Exercise can be fast and short or slow and long.
Exercise {workout}| 20 minutes, every day. Easy workouts involve the following twists, stretches, and compressions, while standing. Twist, stretch, or compress as far as possible and as fast as possible, and repeat as much as possible.
legs
For legs, do half-squats, lift knees, lift lower leg backward, stand on toes, twist and shake thighs, walk straight forward and straight backward, walk forward and backward at 45-degree angles, and turn clockwise and counterclockwise.
trunk
For trunk, bend over backward to center, left, and right; bend over forward from waist to center, left, and right; bend over forward from hips to center, left, and right; turn to right and left; turn to right and left while turning shoulders to right and left to twist; lean over to left and right; hold tummy in; hold pubic area in; thrust hips forward to center, left, and right; and thrust hips backward to center, left, and right.
arms
For arms, lift shoulders together and separately, push shoulders forward, push shoulders backward, rotate shoulders vertically clockwise and counterclockwise, reach out in front with both arms and with each arm separately, reach arms around body in front and back, hold arms straight out from side and rotate clockwise and counterclockwise, reach arms straight up and to left and right, stretch arms forward and backward, pronate and supinate forearms, and make fists and then stretch palms flat.
Nine-person teams {baseball}| can have pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, shortstop, and third baseman, who deploy around the diamond, and right fielder, center fielder, and left fielder, who deploy in the outfield. Pitchers can throw a hard medium-size ball over home plate above knee and below shoulders {strike, baseball} or miss {ball, baseball}. Three strikes retires batter {out, baseball}. Four balls is a pass to first base {walk, baseball}. Batter uses a bat to try to hit ball into the field {hit, baseball} or to right or left {foul ball}. Foul balls are strikes, unless batter has two strikes already. Batters try to get to first base by hit or walk and advance around second and third bases, back to home plate to score a run. Hits can be a single to first base, double to second base, triple to third base, or home run to home plate.
Five-person teams {basketball}| can have center, two forwards, and two guards. Large ball advances by pass or dribble. Players dribble, pass, or shoot.
shot
Players try to put the ball in the opponent's basket, for two points if inside three-point line or three points if outside three-point line.
fouls
Players cannot impede shots by contact. After a foul, fouled player shoots free throws or team receives ball out of bounds.
shot: free throw
Fouled players shoot freely from free-throw line {free throw}, one or two times, to score one point each.
turnovers
Players with the ball cannot stop and resume dribbling {double dribble} or move without dribbling {traveling}. After turnovers, other team receives the ball out of bounds.
shot theory
Shots can have distance, speed, and angle errors. Shooting closer to basket has higher percentage. Hands over the head are closer to basket, so overhead shots have higher percentage. Hands are closer to basket when at jump top, so jump shots have higher percentage.
Shots using only fingers and hand have higher percentage, because large muscles are less accurate. Shorter shots can use less arm and leg muscles. Overhead shots can use less leg muscle, because they are shorter. Jump shots use less leg muscle.
Shots off backboard are longer, use angles that are hard to calculate, and have different targets each time. However, hitting high-speed shots off backboard can slow shots. Underhand shots off backboard hit backboard going up and can be shorter. Shots off backboard are slower.
Make ball enter rim at 45-degree angle, to maximize distance and speed error range that can make successful shots. If hand is below rim, shoot with angle more than 45 degrees, so ball enters rim at 45-degree angle.
Aim to go through rim center, and look at that point. Net shape helps determine that point.
Sport {bowling}| can use a heavy plastic ball to strike ten pins standing in a triangle at the end of a lane. Bowling is in a building {bowling alley}. All ten pins can fall on first ball {strike, bowling} or on two balls {spare, bowling}. Other bowling games are candlepin bowling and ninepins.
Sport {cricket match}| can have an oval field {pitch, field} with two posts {wicket, cricket} and an edge. From behind his wicket, pitcher throws a hard small ball to the ground to try to bounce it onto other wicket. Batsman uses a flat bat to protect the wicket and hit the ball. After hitting, batter can stay near wicket or can run to second wicket to score a run. If hit is far, batter can try to return to first wicket to score another run. If hit rolls to boundary, it is four runs. If hit lands past boundary, it is six runs. Players can catch a fly ball or tag batter while he runs between wickets, to score {out, cricket}. Ten outs retires batting team. Pitched balls count {over, cricket} and games can have limited overs.
Sport {field hockey}| can use sticks to roll a medium-size ball into a net on a field.
On offense, eleven-person teams {football}| can have center, two guards, two tackles, two ends, quarterback, halfback, fullback, and slotback or wide receiver. On defense, eleven-person teams can have three or four linemen, three or four linebackers, two safeties, and two cornerbacks.
play
After plays, ball is on scrimmage line for four downs, in which offense tries to move forward ten yards {first down}.
scoring
Moving ball into opponent's end zone scores seven points {touchdown}. Kicking ball through opponent's goal posts scores three points {field goal}. Kicking ball through opponent's goal posts after a touchdown scores one point {point after}. Moving ball into opponent's end zone after a touchdown scores two points {points after}. Downing opponent in its end zone scores two points {safety, football}.
kicking
After receiving ball, offensive team can elect to kick ball to opponent {free kick}. Offensive team can elect to kick ball to opponent on fourth down {punt, football}.
ball movement
Players can carry ball forward {rush, football}. Players can throw ball downfield {pass, football}. Players can throw ball sideways {lateral, football}.
blocking
Offense tries to block players from downing ball carrier {blocking, football}.
tackling
Defense tries to down ball carrier {tackling}.
penalties
Teams cannot move across scrimmage line before ball moves from line {offside, football}. Teams cannot move forward before ball moves from line {illegal motion}. Teams cannot hit the passer after ball release {roughing the passer}. Teams cannot hit the kicker after ball release {roughing the kicker}. Teams cannot hit interfere with pass receiving or defending five yards beyond scrimmage line {pass interference}. Teams cannot block or tackle illegally {personal foul}. Penalties award other team five, ten, or fifteen yards or a down.
Golf bags have 14 clubs: driver, woods 1 through 3, irons 2 through 9, wedge or sand wedge, and putter {golf}|. On each of 18 or 9 holes, players strike the ball from tee through fairway to green and then putt into a four-inch hole. Score is number of strokes.
strokes
Holes have stroke standards {par, golf}: 3, 4, or 5. Eighteen holes have par 70, 71, or 72. Players can take one more stroke {bogey}, two more strokes {double bogey}, three more strokes {triple bogey}, one less stroke {birdie, golf}, two less strokes {eagle, golf}, three less strokes {double eagle}, or one stroke {hole-in-one}.
Basic Swinging
To simplify right-handed swing, concentrate on trapezius back muscle where inside middle of right shoulder blade meets upper middle spine.
To start right-handed backswing, turn around that muscle to rotate right shoulder around spine. Rotate around right ankle and rotate right thigh. Rotate hips and twist their outer muscles. Keep left arm straight, and keep right arm straight as long as possible.
After body finishes rotating, keep arms extended and continue to pull arms around body until just before you start to lose balance and/or lose sight of ball. Rotate waist muscles.
To start right-handed swing, rotate around right inside middle trapezius muscle again to go down and through ball toward target.
Basic Putting
To putt smoothly, place eye directly over ball. Using the basic swing, but gently, draw club straight back same distance as intended finish distance, then slide through the ball. Put straight topspin on ball.
hand golf
Golf {hand golf} can use only hands and ball. Players throw the ball from tee toward hole. Players pick up the ball and throw it toward the hole. On the green, players roll the ball into cup like bowling. Because there are no clubs, expense is lower, and you do not need golf carts. You never lose balls.
Players use hands to throw a ball against a wall {handball}|.
Sport {hurling}| can be similar to field hockey.
Sport {jai alai}| can use wicker rackets to catch a hard medium-size ball and throw it against a wall.
Sport {lacrosse}| can use webbed sticks {crosse} to carry a ball and throw it into a net on a field.
Sport {rugby}| can use a large football. Official places ball at tackle spot, and play starts {scrum}. Players advance by running or lateraling, until another player tackles ball carrier. Team scores when a player carries ball into opponent's end zone {try, rugby} or kicks ball through opponent's goal posts on a free kick or drop kick. After a penalty, team can take a free kick.
Eleven-person teams {soccer}| can have goalie, four defenders, three midfielders, two forwards, and striker. Players kick or head the medium-size ball toward a large net on a 100-meter field, without using arms. In the goal area, goalies can use arms and hands to defend net. Passes can go only to a player with at least one defender still ahead {offside, soccer}. World Cup is the most-famous soccer championship.
Sport {softball}| can be like baseball and use a large ball with underhand pitching. Softball can be slow pitch or fast pitch.
Teams {volleyball}| have six players on one court side, three next to net and three in backcourt. Players can slam ball to opponent's side {spike, volleyball}, set up spike, or hit a low ball {dig, volleyball}. Sides have three hits to return ball to other side. Players cannot hold ball. Each point begins with a serve from behind court baseline. The team that won previous point serves. Teams can score points only while serving. 15 points wins game.
Sport {judo}| can modify jujitsu for competition and emphasize throws.
Sport {jujitsu}| can involve throwing and pinning opponent.
Sport {karate}| can involve punching, thrusting, clawing, and kicking.
Sport {kung fu}| can be similar to karate.
Sport {badminton}| can be like tennis and use a shuttlecock {birdie, badminton} and light rackets.
Sport {paddle tennis}| can use short rackets to hit a ball against a wall.
Sport {squash rackets}| like can use small string rackets to hit a ball against a wall.
Sport {Ping-Pong} {table tennis}| can use paddles to hit a small hollow ball over a net on a table.
Sport {tennis}| can use rackets and a medium-size felt-covered ball, on a court with a waist-high net. For a game, one player serves into alternating right and left service courts, to win or lose points. Player score can be no points {love, tennis}, 15 for first point, 30 for second point, 40 for third point, or one point ahead in tiebreaker {advantage, tennis}. If both players have 40, score is a tie {deuce, tennis}. To win game, player must win at least 4 points and be 2 points ahead. To win set {set, tennis}, player must win at least six games and be two games ahead. Alternatively, if both players have won six games, they can play a tiebreaker. To win match {match, tennis}, player must win two sets out of three or three sets out of five.
Sport {automobile racing} can include Formula 1, Formula V, prototype, group 7, sports car, stock car, and Indianapolis races, on dirt or paved tracks, for different distances.
Sport {equitation}| {horsemanship} can include show jumping, cross country, and dressage or controlled riding. Horses can run, trot, canter, gallop, or pace. Saddles can be English saddle or western saddle.
Sport {horse racing}| can include thoroughbred, steeplechase, and harness racing. Horses break from start, round first turn, go down backstretch, round turn, and come down homestretch, to finish line, for one to one-and-one-half miles. One furlong equals 1/8 mile.
Horse-riding sport {polo}| can use a long mallet to hit a medium-size ball into a net on a large field.
Sport {rodeo}| can include saddle bronc, calf roping, bulldogging cattle, bareback riding, and Brahma bull riding.
Races {cross-country}| can be 2 to 5 miles on paths or roads in towns or countryside.
26-mile run on paths or roads in towns or countryside {marathon}|.
Runs {running, sport} on tracks can be 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, 10000 m, 400-m relay, 1500-m relay, 110-m hurdles, 400-m hurdles, and 3000-m steeplechase. Runs on roads can be 20-km walk and 30-km walk.
Sport {diving}| can include gainer or reverse, inward or cutaway, swan dive, twist, layout with body straight, tuck, pike or jackknife, handstand, and half gainer.
Sport {fishing}| can include rod and reel, fly-casting, spinning, bait casting, and trolling.
Sport {rowing}| can involve a coxswain setting the pace for oarsmen and steering a long narrow boat {shell, rowing sport}. Sculling uses a one-person boat {scull}. Kayaking uses a one-person enclosed canoe {kayak, sport}.
Wind can power boats with sails {sailing}|.
boat types
Sailing ships are catboat, sloop, schooner, cutter, ketch, yawl, catamaran, and trimaran.
parts
Sails use a vertical mast, horizontal bar {boom, sailboat}, diagonal spars, and rigging ropes. Under sailboats is a weighted thin wedge {keel, sailboat} to resist sideways motion and tipping, as wind strikes sail. A board in back {rudder, boat} turns right to steer left, and left to steer right, as moving water pushes rudder sideways. A straight board {tiller} or steering wheel {helm} can connect to rudder.
parts: sails
Sails can be back from mast and along boom {main sail}, in front of mast {jib}, and in front of jib to catch a downwind {spinnaker}.
course
Competitions use a course with six legs: into wind {windward leg}, across wind {reach}, downwind, and repeat. America's Cup is the most-famous sailing-race series.
tacking
To move upwind, sailboats must move at 45-degree angles, half to left and then turning {coming about} to half to right {tacking}. Performing many tacks or just one depends on possible wind force and direction changes. Going upwind tends to push boat front {prow} up, so sailors move to front, to balance weight.
reaching
Going across wind {reaching} tends to tilt the boat over, so sailors move to upwind side.
running
Going downwind {running, sailing} tends to push boat front down into water, so sailors move to back.
sail
Sail trailing edge resists wind. Pulling sails tighter {trimming} reduces drag force. People can pull a sail tight to wind {reefing} or lower a sail {furling}.
Sport {skin diving}| can use aqualung, snorkel, surface diving, dry suit, wet suit, or SCUBA. SCUBA outfit has an air tank, with regulator, weights, and an air vest.
Sport {surfing}| can use boards {surfboard} on waves. People can place ten toes over board front {hang ten}.
Sport {swimming}| can include breaststroke, crawl or freestyle, backstroke, sidestroke, and butterfly.
Sport {water polo}| can try to put a medium-size ball into a net in a pool.
Sport {water skiing}| can use skis behind a ski boat, which travels at 35 mph or more.
Sport {curling}| can slide polished stones over ice with brooms.
Sport {figure skating}| can include spirals, spins, glides, steps, flips, axels, toe loops, and other leaps.
Six-person teams {ice hockey}| can have goalie, two defensemen, two wingers, and center. Team passes puck around ice. Passes cannot go to a player with no defender in front {offside, hockey} or send puck over two lines without touching anyone {icing}. After infractions, referee drops puck in a nearby circle {faceoff}.
Sport {luge}| can use sleds on ice chutes.
Alpine skiing {skiing}| includes downhill, slalom, and giant slalom. Nordic skiing includes cross-country skiing and ski jumping.
Sport {speed skating}| can use long skates.
Sport {toboggan}| can use flat-bottom sleds on icy runs.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225