Industrial societies {industrial society} began before 1800.
life
In industrialized countries, productivity rose faster than birth rate. Birth rate typically declined compared to agrarian societies. Death rate decreased faster than birth rate decreased.
Children had different treatment. Education was good. Attitudes were more egalitarian.
cities
By 1800, 50 cities had populations over 100,000. Industrialized countries established communication systems. Cooperatives, labor unions, and professional associations formed. Managers, administrators, and specialists began. Local subcultures were typically submerged. Social-change rate increased. Industrialized countries often retained agrarian values.
cities: corporations
Industrialized countries had corporations. Corporations developed from joint stock companies in England [1550]. In England, corporations got limited liability [1800].
politics
Industrialized countries had large political parties, based on pragmatic goals, ideology, ethnic group, religion, or nationalistic aspirations. Industrialized countries had political conflicts, especially between classes. Political stability is greater if industry level is higher, government controls military, many associations exist, people have vested interests, and middle class is large. Governments tended to be large.
Democracy was the ideal. Some groups favored innovation, and some groups favored tradition.
war
War depended on new technology.
kinship
Kinship was not important.
religion
Religion became less important.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224