He lived 1832 to 1917, studied folklore and societies {ethnology, Tylor} {ethnography, Tylor}, and founded social anthropology. All humans have same mind type.
Religion is superstition and belief in spiritual beings or persons {animism, Tylor}. People see difference between living and death, sleep, or trance and have dreams and visions of people and other living things, so they think everything has a living soul, which can be independent of body.
Evil spirits can enter bodies. One spirit can become supreme. Magic and myth require narrative with rational associations. Rational culture improves over time, but ancient superstitions still survive.
He lived 1831 to 1880 and studied customs and mythology.
He lived 1818 to 1881 and studied society types.
He lived 1826 to 1905. Everyone has same brain physiology {psychic unity of mankind} and has same elementary ideas {Elementargedanken}, so people differ only in culture and history. Societies develop from simple to complex according to laws {genetic principle}, and societies have collective representations and folk ideas. Studying collective representations and folk ideas from many cultures can reveal elementary ideas.
He lived 1858 to 1942 and studied Pacific-Northwest native societies [1910]. He studied perception and sensation, such as not hearing spoken sounds {sound blindness} and seeing color categories, and believed that contexts determined them.
He lived 1854 to 1941 and studied myths and comparative religions.
Primitive people first believe in magic through similarity and in magic through contact. Magician has social power and is often tribal chief. Later, people replace magic with spirits and so have animistic religion, in which they pray to or propitiate beings. Kings arise, who are priests, have priests, or are gods themselves. Rituals and social behaviors follow from beliefs.
Primitive thought links to magic. Magic can involve homeopathy, contagion, sympathetic magic, taboos, sorcery, charms, voodoo dolls, and envoutement. Magic can involve showing gods what people want.
Primitive thought involved customs and institutions. Sacred marriages and orgiastic festivals encouraged fecundity, fertility, and more crops. The saturnalia festival was period of anarchy each year, held in Rome and elsewhere. Ceremonies for fertility, solar year, harvest, and king's death used fire, because the king represented the people, not like a priest or magician.
Primitive thought involved souls. Bodies also have souls, which can leave body and return, through body openings. Shadows and reflections can be souls. Souls can occupy portraits. Death is not real, because soul is separate.
Science later replaces religion.
He lived 1884 to 1942 and studied South Pacific Trobriand Islanders [1920 to 1940]. He studied functional anthropology, oedipal complex as child's resenting father dominance, and phattic communion.
He lived 1857 to 1939. Primitive mentality is imaginative and emotional {prelogical society}, comes from cultural collective representations, and mixes with objects {law of participation} {mystical participation}. Modern mentality is logical, comes from experience, and is separate from objects. Both forms are appropriate.
She lived 1901 to 1978.
She lived 1887 to 1948 and studied cultural relativism, northwest USA Indians, and southwest USA Indians.
He lived 1902 to 1973, studied African peoples, and criticized grandiose theories.
All peoples use symbols, analogy, and metaphor. Society's rituals and beliefs explain many society aspects. Supernatural powers {spirits, Evans-Pritchard} form hierarchies and families.
People have souls, and ghosts can leave bodies and return. Souls are not spirits.
People can believe that all ills are their fault, and they must atone. Sacrifice is to atone to a god for transgression and is typically private. Public sacrifices are for weddings and funerals.
He lived 1872 to 1950 and wrote that culture affects body posture, balance, kinesthesia, and movements {habitus}.
He lived 1892 to 1974. Social non-sensory symbols of meaning, values, emotions, and motivations affect perception {behavioral environment}.
He lived 1926 to 2006 and studied Java and Bali peoples. He advocated trying to interpret culture, rather than just explaining behaviors.
People live in systems of meaning {culture, Geertz}, in which actions have intention and significance, and people have knowledge and attitudes. Action meaning is public and observable.
Ideas, attitudes, and purposes lead to religion. Religion is cultural system, societal symbol system about the way world is and should be {world-view}, which builds feelings, values, and goals {ethos, sociology}. It explains evil, suffering, death, and universe. Rituals blend world-view and ethos. Participating puts people in touch with highest reality.
He lived 1924 to 1994 and studied African pygmy peoples.
He lived 1915 to 1996. Societies are bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.
He lived 1920 to 1983 and studied rituals. Rituals have symbols are conventions, refer to many things, cause actions. They are about morals and norms. Human physiology provides another source of symbols, emotions, and motivations. Both interlink to make person. People must find structural system from experience units {Erlebnis} and event sequence {Erleben} through the basic perception, memories, emotions, meanings, values, and knowing.
Species have adaptations {biogram} of ancestors {anlage}.
He lived 1930 to 2002 and studied how culture and society affect behavior, perception, emotion, and motivation {theory of practice}.
He studied how children develop ideas from implicit learning by observation, participation, modeling, and trial and error. He also noted that human physiology constrains culture.
He lived 1938 to ?.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225