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A supernova or planet conjunction happened within several years of Jesus' birth.
He was Mary's husband.
She was Jesus' mother.
He lived -28 to 30, preached the Messiah's coming [25], and baptized Jesus.
He lived -4 to 29 and was probably born in Nazareth. His name was Joshua or Savior, common Hebrew name. Jesus is Greek for the Hebrew name Joshua. Messiah means Anointed or Savior in Hebrew. Christ is Greek for Anointed. Immanuel means "God with us" in Hebrew. His ideas and life are Christianity's basis.
According to the Bible, he was born to Joseph and Mary of Nazareth in a stable when they traveled to Bethlehem to pay taxes, and he lay in the stable feeding trough {manger, Bible}. However, he was more likely born in animal quarters in a relative's house in Nazareth.
His father and he were carpenters. According to the Bible, at age 12 he argued with Hebrew elders about scriptures. At age 30, he began preaching the Messiah's coming and that the weak and poor will triumph if they are righteous, on Judgment Day. He had 12 disciples, Peter, John, Judas Iscariot, and others. According to the Bible, he conjured enough food for crowd from several loaves and fishes, turned water into wine, and raised Lazarus from the dead. He preached Sermon on the Mount and Beatitudes. He told parables about the Talents, the Prodigal Son, and the Good Samaritan. He said, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" {golden rule, Jesus}. At age 33, he came to Jerusalem. Crowds greeted him on Palm Sunday. He denigrated the Scribes and Pharisees. He broke with Judaism and drove out moneychangers at the Temple. He rested on the Mount of Olives with Mary and Martha, Simon the Leper's sisters. Sanhedrin priest council condemned him to death for blasphemy. Judas betrayed him for 30 pieces of silver. Pontius Pilate had him arrested in Garden of Gethsemane. He had his Last Supper on Thursday. The people did not choose to let him go free when Pilate let the people choose. The hostile crowd chose Barabbas. Romans crucified him on Good Friday, between two thieves. He carried his cross to Golgotha, the Crucifixion site. He spoke seven sayings while on the cross, such as "Father forgive them for they know not what they do." and "My God, why hast thou forsaken me?" Soldier speared him to make sure he was dead. Joseph and Nicodemus took him to tomb. He was not there when Mary Magdalene came on Easter Sunday to embalm his body, the Resurrection after three days. According to the Bible, forty days after Resurrection, he ascended into heaven {Ascension, Bible} after revisiting the disciples.
He advocated Jewish law but opposed harsh interpretations. He used Essene ideas. Christian laws have same ideas, but different emphases, than Jewish laws.
He was Jesus' disciple and went to India [52 to 72]. Someone killed him.
The Bible tells that, after Jesus' death, the 11 remaining disciples saw tongues of fire and received the gift of speaking in many tongues {Pentecost}, and began evangelizing.
The people freed convicted criminal, instead of Jesus, when Pilate let them choose.
They received Jesus' body from the cross.
He lived ? to 33 and was Jesus' disciple but betrayed Jesus to the authorities with a kiss.
She found Jesus' tomb empty.
They gave care to Jesus and were Simon the Leper's sisters.
He lived ? to 64. Jesus said of his disciple Peter, "Upon this rock, I will build my church."
He was the most mystical of Jesus' disciples. He probably did not write Gospel of John.
Some Christian writings, gospels, letters, and prophecies are not in the Bible.
Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John used this work.
He was one of the first seven church deacons and became a martyr [34].
He lived 10 to 63, was born and educated in Tarsus, wrote in Greek, founded Christian ideas and organization, visited churches in Asia Minor and Greece, and died in Rome [67]. Saul became the apostle Paul after his conversion [35] by a light ray. He visited Jerusalem [37], stayed at Tarsus [37 to 43], stayed at Antioch [43 to 44], visited Jerusalem [44 or 45], took his first mission [45 to 49], visited Jerusalem [49 or 50], took his second mission [50 to 53], visited Jerusalem [53], took his third mission [53 to 57], visited Jerusalem [57], faced arrest [57], went to Rome [59], was captive at Rome [60 to 62], and took a mission [62 to 66]. Someone killed him [67]. He said Jesus was God and wrote about soul versus body.
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Christians decided to preach to Gentiles, without requiring or following Jewish customs or laws. Jesus's brother James and Peter were there. Perhaps, Paul was there. They baptized Christians. Christians performed eucharist Last-Supper rites. Christians believed that Jesus rose from the dead, will return to Earth soon for Last Judgment, and will then give them eternal life.
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He received epistle from Paul, his friend.
It is oldest gospel of the Bible.
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It has 100 Greek letters and has same wording as Matthew and/or Mark in the Bible.
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Luke wrote biblical history in Greek.
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He lived 37 to 101.
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Christianity separated into Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, and Serbian Orthodox Church, among others.
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Churches were at Antioch, Alexandria, Laodicea near Antioch, Jerusalem, Edessa, Nicaea, Ephesus, Byzantium, Athens, Sparta, Thessalonika, Syracuse, Hippo Regius, Naples, Rome, Lugdunum (Lyon) in southeast France, and Canterbury. Hippo Regius (Bona or Annuba, Algeria) is west of Carthage. Bishops and deacons began. The Seven Churches of the Apocalypse are Ephesus, Laodicea, Pergamum, Philadelphia, Smyrna, Sardis, and Thyatira.
People discovered Gnostic tracts north of Luxor [1945].
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Arian, Sabellian, Manichaean, Pelagian, and Donatist controversies were about Trinity and Incarnation.
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He lived 50 to 117 [98 to 117].
He was bishop of Hierapolis.
He lived 69 to 155.
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He was first Alexandrian Gnostic.
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He was bishop of Athens and first Christian apologist.
He was of Valentinian School.
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He lived 100 to 165 and became Roman Catholic saint. Knowledge requires special revelation from God, because senses and demons make reason and nature obscure.
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He lived 110 to ? and started Marcionites. They rejected Old Testament.
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He lived 110 to 180.
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He opposed Gnostics and Marcion.
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He was bishop of Hierapolis.
He was Platonist.
It has story of the Blessed Blandina.
He was Greek, was bishop of Lugdunum (Lyon) in France, and is a Father of the Church.
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He was bishop of Antioch.
He lived 154 to 223. Concerning Fate or Book of the Laws of the Countries is about him.
Pseudo-Clementines used this work.
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He was bishop of Hieropolis.
He lived 160 to 225 and was Christian Apologist. He said, "I believe what is absurd" {credo quia absurdum est} because it showed the work of God.
Epistemology
People cannot know revelation by thinking, and revelation has no connection with philosophy. Only faith can give religious belief {fideism}, not reason.
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He was Patriarch of Antioch [191 to 211].
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He lived 170 to 247.
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He lived 160 to 236 and was bishop of Rome.
Doctors of the Church are first Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine and later Pope Gregory. Ambrose was bishop of Milan. Augustine was bishop of Hippo.
Gregory the Illuminator founded it near Mount Ararat.
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He lived 256 to 336, became a priest [313], and said Jesus was not eternal and was lower than God.
Roman Empire allowed Christianity.
He lived 275 to 339, was Pamphilius' student [240 to 309], was bishop of Caesarea [314 to 339] in Palestine, and cross-referenced the Gospels. He was never pope [309 to 310]. Caesarea is on coast between Haifa and Tel Aviv.
Heretical Trinity doctrine opposed Athanasius' and Eusebius' doctrine.
Council proclaimed that Jesus was God and man and that Athanasius' and Eusebius' Trinity doctrine is true. Council rejected Arianism.
Eugenios or Mar Augin founded it on Mt. Izla above Nisibis in Mesopotamia.
Church had seven councils.
Epiphanius [315 to 403] founded it. He was bishop of Constantia or Salamis in Cyprus [367 to 403].
He lived ? to 352 and became Catholic patron saint of children.
He lived 297 to 373, was bishop of Alexandria [328 to 373], was a Doctor of the Church, and was for orthodoxy during Arian crisis. He wrote orthodox Catholic doctrine of Trinity and Incarnation. Jesus had body and same substance as god {homoousion}, whereas Arians said Jesus was not like god.
First monastery is in Red Sea Mountains of northeast Egypt.
Caesarea is capital of Cappadocia, which is in east-central Anatolia or Asia Minor.
Martin of Tours founded first monastery, in France.
Martin of Tours founded it.
He lived 340 to 397, was bishop of Milan [374 to 397], was a Doctor of the Church, and became a Roman Catholic saint. Church is independent of state.
He lived 340 to 420 and was a Doctor of the Church.
Monastery founded by Augustine was west of Carthage.
Augustine founded it. Thagaste was in Numidia and is Souk Ahras, which is where Algeria meets Tunisia.
He lived 390 to 459, was ascetic, and sat on a pillar.
Paulinus [354 to 431] and his wife Theresia founded it.
Orthodoxy said pictures of God are not sinful. Iconoclasm said not to use pictures of God. Greek Church used icons, but western church attacked this custom.
Some early Christians {Monophysite} believed that Jesus was person with human nature and did not unite divine and human {Monophysitism}. Severus [? to 538], Dioscurus [? to 454], Timothy Aelurus [? to 477], Peter Mongus of Alexandria [? to 490], and Timothy IV the Patriarch of Alexandria [517 to 535] were Monophysites. Greens were for monophysitism, which said Christ was only body or only spirit. Blues were for orthodoxy, which said Christ was both body and spirit.
Orthodoxy said Christ had one will and nature. Monotheletism said Christ had just one will but two natures, divine and human.
Orthodoxy said Mary was mother of God. Nestorianism said Mary was not mother of God, because Jesus was born a man.
Christianity came to Wales.
Christianity came to Scotland.
He lived 354 to 420 and was Christian. People have free will and can choose salvation. Heaven is reward for virtue. Will is completely free. There is no original sin, and people can be perfect without God's grace {Pelagianism, Pelagius}. There is no grace of God. Alternatively, people can just freely will and believe {semi-Pelagianism}.
He lived ? to 444, was bishop of Alexandria [412 to 444], was a Doctor of the Church, and opposed Nestorius. Jesus united divine and human in one person {orthodox doctrine}.
He lived 386 to 451 and was Patriarch of Constantinople [428 to 431]. Jesus was two separate persons, one divine and one human {Nestorian controversy, Nestorius}. There was no Virgin Birth. Council of Ephesus [431] rejected this heresy and exiled him, so he started Nestorian churches.
He lived 385 to 461. He brought Christianity to Ireland [433] and built many churches. He used the shamrock to explain the Doctrine of the Trinity. He set up commission to compile Irish law [441]. He converted Ireland to Christianity [457] and is Catholic patron saint of Ireland.
Stoudios or Studius was from Rome and founded it.
He lived ? to 538, was Patriarch of Antioch [512 to 518], and was Monophysite.
Finnian [? to 548] founded it in Meath in Leinster in east Ireland.
Benedict founded it under strict rules. Monte Cassino is south of Rome.
He lived 480 to 547 and organized first monastic system, Benedictines, at monastery south of Rome. Monks had to work, study, and pray {Benedict's Rule}. He became Roman Catholic saint. Benedictine Order had copies in many places, and some had women.
Cassiodorus founded it in south Italy.
Caesarius of Arles [468 to 542] was bishop [502 to 542].
The Three Chapters were against Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrus, and letter of Ibas to Maris. Facundus, Bishop of Hermiane wrote Defensio trium capitulorum or Defense of the Three Chapters. Emperor Justinian issued edict anathematizing the Three Chapters [543 or 544].
He lived 521 to 597, came from Ireland to Scotland, set up a Christian monastery on Iona island [563], and became a Roman Catholic saint.
He lived ? to 604. King Ethelbert of Kent became Christian.
Celtic Church and Roman Catholic missionaries converted Saxon, Jute, and Angle kings to Christianity from base in Canterbury.
Gall or Gallen founded it. It is in Steinach Valley in east Switzerland.
Bobbio is Bobium or Ebovium and is in Emilia-Romagna in north Italy. Columba established it.
Aidan founded it on island in Northumbria in northeast England.
Synod chose Roman Christianity over Celtic thought.
Patriarch of Constantinople was head of Greek Orthodox Church, and emperor appointed him. The four main patriarchies were Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria. Church leaders married. Orthodox monks prayed and practiced discipline, as original Egyptian monks had done in third century. Greek Church used icons {iconoclasm}, but western church attacked this use.
Roman and Greek churches met but did not agree.
After Charlemagne's coronation, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches split.
He lived 815 to 885. Czechs and Slovaks became Orthodox.
He lived 826 to 869 and invented Cyrillic alphabet with Methodius. Czechs and Slovaks became Orthodox.
Duke William the Pious of Aquitaine founded Benedictine abbey of Saint Peter and Saint Paul at Cluny in Burgundy in northwest France [910].
Benedictine order reorganized under modified rules. 300 Cluniac monasteries [1150] were under abbot of Cluny.
Tarn-region Neo-Manichaean sect emphasized strict morals and the Bible and opposed Catholic-Church worldliness. It first appeared at Synod of Orléans [1022] and faced a crusade [1209].
He lived 1000 to 1088 and was Nominalist. He believed that the bread and wine cannot change into Jesus' body and blood, because their qualities stayed the same.
Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches split.
He lived 1050 to 1122 and founded Nominalism and Scholasticism. He believed that the Trinity was three distinct objects, not one. Council at Reims [1092] condemned the heresy.
Cistercian order founded a monastery.
He lived 1081 to 1151 and built St. Denis Abbey, first Gothic church. He started Gothic art and said that art is necessary to see truth and beauty. He counseled Louis VI and Louis VII and was their historian. St. Denis is in Ile-de-France, near Paris.
He lived ? to 1217, sold all his goods, arranged for his family [1176], began to preach, and started Waldenses, Vaudois, Valdesii, Vallenses, the Poor, Leonistae, Poor Men of Lyons, Sandaliati, Insabbatati, Sabbatati, or Sabotiers, which emphasized strict morals and the Bible and opposed Catholic-Church worldliness. They congregated in west Piedmont in north Italy by 1200 to 1210 and exist now.
He lived 1182 to 1226 and founded Franciscan religious order.
He lived 1170 to 1221 and founded Dominican monastic order [1216].
One pope returned to Rome from Avignon, and the other pope stayed.
Lutheran church is Aristotelian in philosophy.
Catholic Church became less powerful as sects broke away and nations formed. Printing lessened church-school influence. Italian politics weakened church.
Reformed churches are Augustinian in philosophy.
Sects {Protestant} separated from Roman Catholic Church, differently in different countries: Lutheran, Anglican, Presbyterian, and Moravian. Current Protestant denominations include Lutheran, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Mormon, Jehovah's Witnesses, Anglican, Episcopal, Pentecostal, Salvation Army, Unitarian, Moravian, and Anabaptist.
He lived 1483 to 1546 and began Protestant Reformation when he posted his 95 Theses on church door at Worms [1517]. He broke away from Roman Catholic Church, started Reformation, and founded Lutheran Church. He helped found educational system and translated Bible into German. Faith is more important than good works. Grace of God redeems sin. Reason, tainted by original sin, is inimical to God.
He lived 1491 to 1556 and founded Society of Jesus {Jesuit} monastic order [1539], to serve the pope as teachers and missionaries. He later became Catholic saint.
He lived 1509 to 1564, broke away from Roman Catholic Church, and founded Calvinism.
God has all authority, dictated the Bible, and created good world. People are sinful. Christ can redeem them. People are predestined to heaven or hell. People should work hard and try to be successful. Redemption is by faith alone, but thrift, industry, order, and steadfastness are virtues. God knows all actions at time's beginning {predestination, Calvin}. The Bible has religious authority, not Pope.
Christians came as missionaries.
He lived 1497 to 1560 and broke away from Roman Catholic Church. He used Aristotle to make philosophy for Protestantism.
Reform movement started in Catholic Church. School included Ignatius of Loyola and Girolamo Savonarola.
Bishop Challoner revised it in 18th century.
He lived 1548 to 1617 and was Jesuit.
People use reason to choose right from wrong under obligation to God.
Law
Law is about will of superior commanding obligation from inferiors. Laws can be natural, divine, human, and eternal. Human laws require compliance, require payment for non-compliance, grant privileges, and grant authority and legitimacy.
Metaphysics
Reality is individual essences expressed in entities.
Bible version includes only books in Masoretic and Vulgate texts. Other Christian books are in Apocrypha.
He lived 1598 to 1672 and was mystic. Word sounds have meaning, which can lead to deeper understanding.
He lived 1703 to 1758 and was Puritan.
Epistemology
People know the primary and secondary qualities from God and so can perceive harmony and beauty.
Ethics
God gives sense of virtue and kindness to all beings. God knows all infallibly, so all events are necessary, not contingent. People have no free will, though God is not the cause and is not forcing choice.
Metaphysics
All things depend on God, which is eternal and everywhere and conscious. All is deterministic.
He lived 1688 to 1772, had visions, and started Swedenborg cult, which was popular in Romantic era.
He lived 1853 to 1900. People can realize their perfect human natures and so become like Jesus, both God and man {godmanhood}. World-soul {Sophia} left God to make the world and will return to God as world progresses, a Gnostic idea.
He lived 1878 to 1947 and followed Gurdjieff {Fourth Way School}.
He lived 1872 to 1949 and was mystic. Means {legominism} can transmit information about certain events of long-past ages. People struggle, through working on themselves, to awaken conscience and create soul.
He lived 1886 to 1968. God is unknowable but sent Jesus to those that had the grace of God to know the truth of the gospels.
He lived 1906 to 145 and was Protestant theologian.
He lived 1892 to 1971 and was Protestant theologian. Man depends on goodness of God to overcome sin.
He lived 1886 to 1965 and was Protestant theologian. Expressions of self are attempts to fulfill self-potential {entelechy, self}.
He lived ? to 97 and built papacy power and Holy See of Rome.
He lived ? to 352 and increased Holy-See power.
He lived ? to 417 and increased Holy-See power.
He lived ? to 461 and increased Holy-See power.
He lived 540 to 604, encouraged monasticism, established clergy laws, developed Gregorian chant or plain song, and held off Lombards. He refused to recognize Patriarch of Constantinople and so split eastern from western Church.
He lived ? to 655 and built church and papacy power.
He lived 820 to 867 and increased papal authority. Roman aristocrats controlled papacy.
He lived 1020 to 1085 and allied with Normans of Italy. His reforms lost support and Henry IV of Germany led opposition. Henry IV took Rome [1083] and set up anti-pope. Robert Guiscard and Normans in Italy rescued Gregory VII but then lost Rome again. As pope, he started reform {Hildebrandine reform}, which ended simony, lay bishop investiture, celibacy-vow violations, and priest marriage. He transferred pope's election to College of Cardinals.
He lived 1025 to 1100. Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire installed Guibert of Ravenna as pope, after making Pope Gregory VII flee Rome.
He lived 1035 to 1099. As pope, he started First Crusade and continued Pope Gregory VII's church reforms.
He lived 1105 to 1181. As pope, he excommunicated Frederick Barbarossa [1176].
He lived 1161 to 1216. As pope, he tried to make church supreme over all rulers. He first gave Holy Roman Empire to Otto IV, then Philip of Swabia, then Otto IV, and then Frederick II. He struggled with Frederick II for power. He put King John of England under interdict until he submitted and declared Magna Carta invalid. Philip II of France resisted but then followed divorce law.
Innocent III reorganized papal territories and gained Tuscany but did not get north Italy cities.
He encouraged Fourth Crusade and recognized Latin Empire of Constantinople set up by Fourth Crusade, but Osmanli Turks helped Byzantines regain Constantinople.
He authorized Franciscan Order, who had mission to the poor, started by Francis of Assisi.
He lived ? to 1227. As pope, he authorized Dominican order for scholarship and preaching and revised Franciscan order.
He lived 1195 to 1254. As pope, he deposed Frederick II of Holy Roman Empire at synod. He led fourth Lateran Council [1251] on church laws.
He lived 1235 to 1303. As pope, he struggled with Philip IV of France over taxes and interfered in Florence.
He lived 1264 to 1314. As pope, he dissolved Knights Templar and formulated canon law. Philip IV of France controlled him.
Philip IV of France blocked Pope Boniface VIII and moved papacy to Avignon.
He lived 1397 to 1455. As pope, with Frederick III of Holy Roman Empire, he ended Great Schism by Concordat of Vienna, which undid Council-of-Basel acts. He rebuilt St. Peter's Cathedral. Nicholas of Cusa tried to reform German Church.
He lived 1405 to 1464. As pope, he struggled with Louis XI of France and tried to unite Europe against Ottoman Empire.
He lived 1414 to 1484. As pope, he struggled with Louis XI of France, fought Lorenzo de' Medici in Pazzi Conspiracy, and founded Sistine Chapel.
He lived 1431 to 1503. As pope, he was Lucrezia Borgia's and Cesare Borgia's father and was an art patron.
He lived 1443 to 1513. As pope, he restored papal rule of Papal States and fought Italian Wars. He called fifth Lateran Council, which condemned the idea {Gallicanism} that French king was supreme over church in France. He patronized art.
He lived 1475 to 1521 and was pope [1513 to 1521].
He lived 1475 to 1534 and was Medici. As pope, he first opposed but then crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Empire emperor. He opposed Henry VIII's divorce.
He lived 1468 to 1549. As pope, he founded modern Inquisition and censorship and began Catholic reform.
He lived 1476 to 1559. As pope, he altered papacy.
He lived 1504 to 1572. As pope, he united Spain and Venice against Ottoman Empire. He implemented Third-Council-of-Trent reforms.
He lived 1502 to 1585. As pope, he began Gregorian calendar, established new canon law, and led Fourth Council of Trent. Fourth Council of Trent established modern Catholic Church foundation. He did not deal with German Protestants.
He lived 1521 to 1590. As pope, he improved Papal-States administration and beautified Rome.
He lived 1568 to 1644 and was of Barberini family.
He lived 1876 to 1958. As pope, he opposed Communism in Italy.
He lived 1881 to 1963. As pope, he modernized Catholic Church. Church became more ecumenical at second Vatican Council.
He lived 1897 to 1978.
He lived 1920 to 2005.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225