Stable characteristics organize into unique trait combination {personality}|. Personality determines how other people respond to people.
Personality types can list personality traits, classify main personality traits, identify personality types, or structurally analyze trait combinations.
factors
Personality has five major factors: neuroticism or emotional stability, extraversion or intraversion, agreeableness or disagreeableness, conscientiousness or uncarefulness, and openness to experience or closed world.
time and personality
In descriptive personality theory, people can perceive past, present, future, or continuous time as most important.
People can only care about themselves {egoism}|.
People can be proud of themselves {egotism}|.
Personality {temperament}| can be sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, or melancholic.
In object relations theory {attachment theory}, infant and toddler experiences with mothers and nannies build unconscious cognitive and emotional attachment-relation models {attachment style}. Children also have conflicts and problems with mothers, and these lead to attachment regulation [Bowlby, 1969] [Bowlby, 1973] [Bowlby, 1982].
In personality development theory {ego psychology theory}, unconscious motives and thoughts {primary process} can come from id and are pleasure oriented, while behaviors controlled by ego {secondary process} are rational and real. Emotional unconscious beliefs are the basis for understanding and behavior. Ego consciously does problem solving and regulates emotions and drives. People use defense mechanisms to resolve conflicts. People build ideas of their capabilities and opportunities {ego identity, development} to oppose loss of self {ego diffusion, development}.
In personality development theory {learning theory}, personality can develop by learning from experiences and conflicts, as inner motivations generate behavior. There are no personality types, only traits. Behavior reinforcement leads to general use, and then behavior becomes personality trait. People also learn when not to generalize. People build and alter habitual behaviors in a habit family hierarchy.
In personality development theory {object relations theory} {relational psychoanalysis}, intimate interpersonal relations have patterns affected by cognitive and emotional processes. For example, people can stay in abusive relationships because they have other motivations. People use implicit representations, expectations, and relations to develop intimacy. Attachment theory is an object-relations theory.
During personality development {psychoanalysis, personality}, libido can stay at any stage {fixation, psychoanalysis} and have repression.
People have psychic energy {libido}. Libido is life instinct.
Libido {eros} is sexual in nature.
Libido can be toward others {object love} or self {narcissism}.
Libido from 0 to 8 months {oral period} is for sucking and biting.
Libido from 8 months up to 2 years {anal stage} is for controlling defecation. Toilet training can have praise and blame, block anal pleasure, and cause revulsion.
Libido from 2 to 4 years {phallic stage} is for contacting opposite-sex parent and playing with genitals. Parent can suppress these.
Libido from 4 to 14 years {latency period} is for socialization, play with same-sex children, and dislike of opposite sex. Sexuality is low.
Children can identify with same-sex parent, to resolve conflict between desire for opposite-sex parent and fear of retaliation {Oedipus complex} {Electra complex}. Children are hostile towards same-sex parent and have sexual impulses towards opposite-sex parent.
Oedipus-complex resolution can be unsuccessful {castration complex}.
Libido at puberty {genital phase} is for heterosexual love.
Societies need military people {military personality}. The military profession has skills and conduct codes. It requires elaborate rules for maintaining order and discipline.
aggression
The military practices aggressive behavior that is forbidden inside society, so it must distinguish between society members and outsiders. It provides legitimate outlets for controlled aggression. It must control aggressive behaviors.
candidates
The military can be a good environment for people that lack inner controls. It provides security, strong institution, and substitute parent.
leadership
Military commanders make most decisions using partial and uncertain information, under psychological pressure and physical danger {leadership, military}. Militaristic personality is not adaptive for commanders.
Personality {militaristic personality} can be authoritarian, rigid, and obsessive. It exhibits defense mechanisms used against anxiety and aggression. Militaristic personality traits include inflexibility, low imagination, grandiose speech, obedience, new-information blockage, conservatism, and conformism. It is adaptive for soldiers and lower ranking officers.
soldier
The military needs people {soldier} that can withstand war shocks {robustness, personality}, have no introversion, do not have complex personalities, and are moldable.
Militaristic personality can cause military error patterns {military failure}. Failures use more force than needed, leaving other places unprotected or wasting resources. They are too slow in attack or defense. They follow military tradition or are too conservative on attack or defense. They are indecisive. They show obstinate persistence. They make frontal assaults on enemy's strongest points. They do not finish attack or exploit situation. They underestimate enemy and overestimate their abilities.
information
They misuse or do not use available technology. They reject new information, which is often bad or conflicts with preconceptions. They lack reconnaissance. They use force alone, rather than using trick. They lack surprise or deception.
They use belief in mystical forces, fate, and bad luck.
openness
The military often refuses to admit past mistakes, finds scapegoats for military setbacks, and suppresses or distorts news from the front.
Personality {authoritarian personality} can follow conventional virtues, submit to authority, not tolerate non-conformity, have little imagination, be fatalistic, have rigid thoughts, identify with power figures, be assertive, be tough, be cynical, be hostile to others, believe in evil world, and be dogmatic.
Personality {democratic personality} can have belief in self and others' dignity, belief in freedom of self and others, authority distrust, non-dominating attitude, compromising attitude, openness to change and other people, sharing, acceptance, and tolerance.
People can have imaginary playmates, hypnotize easily, be creative, and believe in psi phenomena {fantasy-prone personality} [Wilson and Barber, 1983].
Physical illnesses can be predominantly in people that have rigid personalities, are subject to stress, have had recent life changes, or have lost connection with other people {type A personality}. For example, coronary artery disease happens more often in such individuals.
Descriptive personality theory postulates that people have some personality types {personality types}. Traits can be together, or people can have main traits. The same sets are in adults and children, men and women, different social classes, and different nations.
People have body configurations {somatotype}. Researchers can identify over seventy individual body configurations, but they do not correlate with psychology or disease.
People {ectomorphy} can be thin, sociable, and outgoing, with large surface area compared to body weight. Ectomorphism relates to the personality trait dysthymia.
People {endomorphy} can be plump, pleasure seeking, and inward looking, with mostly soft and rounded tissue throughout body.
People {mesomorphy} can be muscular, active, and inward and outward looking, with mostly muscle, bone, and connective tissue.
Personality can depend on self-consciousness and diffidence {cerebrotonia}. Cerebrotonia relates to extreme ectomorphy.
Personality can depend on self-assertiveness and aggression {somatotonia}. Somatotonia relates to extreme mesomorphy.
Personality can depend on sociability and love of comfort {viscerotonia}. Viscerotonia relates to extreme endomorphy.
People {extroversion}| {changeableness} can change in response to others or environment. Galen's choleric and sanguine types are changeable, unlike his melancholic and phlegmatic types. Extroversion has resting states with low cortical arousal. Extroversion is not dominant trait. Heredity causes two-thirds of extroversion-introversion variation.
People {introversion}| can have resting states with high cortical arousal, caused by ascending reticular activating system. Introversion is not dominant trait. Heredity causes two-thirds of extroversion-introversion variation.
Extroversion and introversion {ambiversion} can mix.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225