He lived 1577 to 1640 and studied melancholia.
He lived 1734 to 1815, invented hypnosis {animal magnetism} [1778], and used tub {baquet} of magnetized water for cures.
He lived 1745 to 1826 and divided mental disorders into four groups: mania, melancholia, dementia, and idiocy [1798].
He lived 1835 to 1895 and studied if animal can be masochistic.
He lived 1856 to 1926 and determined that manic-depressive psychosis [1899] and schizophrenia [1893] differ [1899]. Mental disorders can arise from metabolic or other defects that are not psychological adaptations. They show neurological signs for different behavioral and psychological mental-disease syndromes. They associate with painful symptom {distress} or impaired functioning {disability}. They involve behaviors that are persistent or repetitive, resist modification, and do not remove anxiety sources.
He lived 1857 to 1927 and studied token economies [Bekhterev, 1913].
He lived 1859 to 1939. Psychotherapy can link cognitions and emotions, so thoughts can control emotions {rational-emotive therapy, Ellis}. Therapist argues and discusses {insightful countersuggestion, Ellis}, to attack patient's irrational beliefs.
He lived 1859 to 1947 and studied neuroses, psychasthenia, anxiety states, phobias, obsessional disorders, and dissociation.
Neurosis reduces integration {sentiment d'incomplétude} among psychological functions, which ordinarily form hierarchy. People can have dependency wish {amae, Janet}.
All human communities use logical inference as thinking basis.
He lived 1857 to 1939 and studied schizophrenia and hysteria. Schizophrenia begins in adolescence or early adult life, is endogenous, and gets progressively worse if untreated [1911].
He lived 1852 to 1933, was Neo-Kantian, and studied Nietzsche.
Efforts to protect self-esteem and habits cause neurotic symptoms.
Epistemology
Only emotions and sensations are real. All knowledge, even logic, rests on useful fictions {as-if}. Human character and actions has teleological explanation, using mental constructs or models {fiction}. Human life has fictive goals and plans to achieve goals.
Ethics
People construct their habits and character based on meanings in their situations. Character builds unconsciously and uniquely. Children need tasks that they can accomplish, to gain confidence and build character.
He lived 1870 to 1937 and founded School of Individual Psychology. People can feel that they are inferior {inferiority complex} and therefore compensate. For example, people can feel physically inferior and compensate by increasing their size or abilities. People can feel their sexual organs are inferior. Small, weak, and dependent children can feel inferior and feminine.
He lived 1877 to 1925 and developed a personal-development theory and a psychoanalysis variant. Instinctual energy discharge {discharge of instinct} requires another person or thing. People have emotional involvement with objects or internal representations. Obsession is strong focus on emotional object for fear of losing it. Depression is loss of emotional object, and people attempt to restore it. All children need to attachment to a mother-like person. Medial temporal lobe makes declarative memories but not short-term memory, memory storage, or procedural memories.
He lived 1857 to 1926 and used self-induced suggestion {auto-suggestion}.
He lived 1882 to 1949 and was therapist.
She lived 1882 to 1960 and developed an infantile development theory, as a psychoanalysis variant.
Even infants have emotions like love, fear, hate, and concern. By observing play, people can know normal and abnormal child behavior patterns and emotional states. Object-relations between infant and parent can change at either of two stages {object-relations school}. Disturbances in first stage, pre-oedipal period before age two {paranoid-schizoid position}, lead to paranoia or schizophrenia. Children want self-survival and need love and attachment to emotional object but project death-wishes on emotional objects. Personality splitting, idealization, projection, and introjection are defense mechanisms. Disturbances in second stage, oedipal period from age two to five {depressive position}, lead to depression. Children realize that mother is a whole and separate person. Children want that mother remain an emotional object. Envy or anger can cause children to wish damage or destruction on objects. Children can identify with emotional objects in both stages, and feelings in first stage affect feelings in second stage.
Three-person family relationships, two-person relationships {attachment, Klein} {therapist-patient}, and one-person creativity require different descriptions. Two-person relationships involve transference from one person to the other and projection and introjection defense mechanisms.
He lived 1897 to 1957. Illness can result from society's repression and authoritarianism. Individuals can act to protect themselves from such society and so imprison spontaneous tendencies {bio-energy}, which normally require freedom and expression. Confined bio-energy can cause tension and illness. People express tension in faces and bodies. People choose behaviors that protect {character armor} {muscular armor} them from their own or others' anxiety or anger. Energy fills universe and can heal {orgone theory}.
He lived 1878 to 1965 and studied aphasia and brain injury effects.
She lived 1885 to 1952 and studied repression.
He lived 1893 to 1988. Environment force or process {need-press theory} causes organism force or process {need}.
He lived 1907 to 1990. Mental health and proper development depend on close and enjoyable relation to, and communication with, mother. Young children typically attach themselves to their mother in second six months. Attachment prepares children for monogamous relationships at sexual maturity.
He lived 1900 to 1980 and was psychoanalyst.
He lived 1888 to 1969 and studied ethics.
He lived 1919 to 1990, was psychoanalyst, and started Menninger Foundation [1941].
He lived 1893 to 1970. He used psychotherapy {gestalt therapy, Perls} to emphasize, enhance, and complete figure-ground differentiation in gestalten related to patient needs. Patient tries to understand actions and sensations, which self can then control. Gestalt therapy often involves problem dramatization and training patient to become more aware of self and environment, using both observation and inference. Patient moves attention between different focuses {shuttling}. If patient suffers from repetition or compulsion, patient comes to a satisfactory conclusion. If patient has split personality, patient is more aware of actual personality experiences. Gestalt therapy tries to change current defensive and manipulative behaviors, confront patient with real feelings and problems, and force patient to learn how to behave in new circumstances. Gestalt therapy is most effective with socialized, restrained, and constricted individuals.
He lived 1887 to 1974 and studied child emotional deprivation {anaclitic depression} [1946].
He lived 1898 to 1973. Practice, use, and experience during early childhood are not necessarily critical for normal neural or behavioral development.
He lived 1910 to 1970. Knowledge and prejudices of each generation transmit to next generation with variable but significant effects {transactional analysis}, with Thomas Harris.
She lived 1895 to 1982, directly observed young children's behavior, studied ego development, and studied defense-mechanism development.
He lived 1902 to 1994 and studied personality growth. Genuine intimacy is in 20's, generativity is in 30's to 50's, and self-integrity is in 50's.
He lived 1896 to 1971 and treated children.
He lived 1902 to 1987. Psychotherapy type {non-directive therapy, Rogers} {client-centered therapy, Rogers} reeducates patient as patient works through his or her own problem. Therapist provides understanding and acceptance, to modify patient's self-concept and self-esteem, so people can do what they will {self-actualization}.
He lived 1889 to 1964 and developed a systematic interpersonal-relationships theory {object relation}. Depressed people can have the delusion that they are responsible for their early environment and feel guilty about it {moral defense}, to be independent and avoid helplessness.
He lived 1898 to 1993.
He lived 1916 to 1997. Behavior therapy uses conditioning and learning theory to eliminate conditioned emotional responses, which are neurotic symptoms.
He developed a psychoanalysis variant [1954]. Ego is an integrated and inseparable self, with personality, objects, and identifications. Ego grows by internalizing love relations.
He lived 1907 to 1982 and studied stress syndrome. Pituitary and adrenal glands activate body against stress {stress syndrome}.
He lived 1915 to 1997 and developed behavior therapy {systematic desensitization} [1958].
He lived 1927 to 1989. Inability to form good personal relationships with others causes schizophrenia. Counseling emphasizes experiences in social interactions and imparts sympathy and understanding to help people form social relations. Psychiatric, diagnostic, and scientific methods do not address human relations.
He lived 1922 to 1984. Parents can abuse child, if they are under sufficient stress, child is frustrating them, and they allow themselves uncontrolled anger. Most chronically abusive parents expect children to always be obedient and to know parent needs. Parents abused them. They mimic young children's emotions. Parents more often abuse youngest child, children under two years old, prematurely born children, and children with congenital deformities. One child in family typically receives the most abuse.
He lived 1920 to ? and questioned whether mental illness really exists.
He lived 1931 to ?, invented nine-point personality typing {Enneagram}, and followed Gurdjieff. Psychotherapy can raise awareness of altered states, to reduce ego {ego destruction}. He founded Arica School {arica training} [1968].
He lived 1909 to 1994.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225