He lived 1630 to 1693. Conversation is part of good manners.
He lived 1824 to 1903 and developed a new psychology {Folk Psychology, Lazarus} {Comparative Psychology, Lazarus} [1854: with Heymann Steinthal].
He lived 1823 to 1899 and developed new psychology {Folk Psychology, Steinthal} {Comparative Psychology, Steinthal} [1854], with Lazarus.
He lived 1843 to 1925 and wrote psychology textbook.
He lived 1852 to 1936 and studied trial-and-error learning. He emphasized carefully observing behavior in natural settings where conditions systematically vary. He advocated finding minimal behavior causes {law of parsimony} {Morgan's canon} [1894], using higher concepts only if necessary. Evolution makes higher systems by emergence from lower ones.
He lived 1862 to 1917 and was at Würzburg School of experimental psychology in Bavaria.
Before performing tasks, people prepare for doing any task, prepare for doing particular task, actively recall needed information and possible responses, and select from among possible associations and responses.
Mental states such as confidence or doubt have no image, representation, or object {imageless thought, Külpe} and cannot be sensations, images, volitions, or feelings {denkpsychologie} {thought psychology}.
He lived 1853 to 1931 and discovered prisoners who imitated psychotic behavior {Ganser syndrome} [1897 to 1898].
He lived 1851 to 1914. People can have a feeling of belonging to, and associating with, something else {einfuhlung} {empathy, aesthetics} [1897]. Empathy explains aesthetics.
Mind performs functions {Functionalism} and adapts behavior to environment, to meet body needs.
He lived 1844 to 1924 and studied many children.
He lived 1881 to 1964, founded French experimental psychology, and studied sleep. He claimed to find hypnotoxin or sleep-promoting substance [1907, with Rene Legendre], in cerebrospinal fluid.
He lived 1873 to 1946 and studied work habits.
He lived 1888 to 1974. Will and self connect {psychosynthesis}, because self acts through will in all sensations, emotions, desires, imaginings, thoughts, and intuitions [1910].
He lived 1878 to 1958 and founded behaviorism. He emphasized being objective and working only with observables. He studied reinforcement timing in instrumental learning, conditioned responses, and forming associations. Associations can only form between stimulus and response, not between stimuli. All behaviors depend on reflexes. All behavior and thought is stimulus-response, though people cannot observe mental stimuli and responses. Conditioning determines human behavior, so people learn almost all behaviors. Previous-behavior recency and frequency determine subsequent behavior. The goal of psychology is behavior prediction and control.
Classical conditioning can change human emotions.
He lived 1873 to 1946 and was behaviorist.
He lived 1880 to 1961 and studied child development using movie cameras [1926].
He lived 1886 to 1959 and developed a behavioral learning theory that did not rely on reflexes. He studied hypothesis formation and reward expectance in animal learning. He studied spatial orientation and cognitive maps [1950]. He studied latent learning and sign-gestalt theory [Tolman, 1935].
He lived 1897 to 1979 and discovered Klüver-Bucy syndrome, with Paul Bucy.
He lived 1884 to 1952, was behaviorist {neobehaviorism}, studied hypnosis, and measured attitudes. He studied behavior segments, continuity learning theory, drive reduction, primary needs, and secondary needs [Hull, 1943].
He lived 1890 to 1947. Internal and external stimuli cause individual differences {field theory}. Incentives come from outside and goals from inside. Rewards come from outside and success from inside.
He lived 1904 to 1990. He studied operant conditioning or instrumental responses as explanations for internal and external behavior. Most behaviors involve voluntary movements {operant conditioning, Skinner}, rather than reflexes {classical conditioning, Skinner}. Current behavior depends on rewards or punishments experienced after previous behavior. Rewards can be food or pleasure {positive reinforcement, Skinner} or can be punishment reduction {negative reinforcement, Skinner}. Punishment can decrease behavior. Low reward can decrease behavior {extinction, Skinner}. People have private stimuli and responses. People learn to be self-aware by verbal reports. Only stimulus-response conditioning frequencies determine behavior {radical behaviorism}.
Experimental chambers {Skinner box} allow stimulus delivery and response measurement. Skinner boxes can be enclosed cribs {air-crib} for human infants.
He lived 1903 to 1990 and studied communal education.
He lived 1896 to 1978 and studied creativity and development.
He lived 1905 to 1981 and studied monkey play and learning set formation [Harlow and Harlow, 1949].
He lived 1907 to 1996 and studied conformity to others' opinions. Conformity happens even in line-length perception.
He lived 1886 to 1959 and was behaviorist. Mind automatically joins objects and events perceived or performed simultaneously {contiguity theory, Guthrie}. S-R learning can happen in one trial {one-trial learning}.
He lived 1884 to 1939, was psychoanalyst, and wrote about ethics.
He lived 1908 to 1970. People's needs form hierarchy {need hierarchy}.
He lived 1916 to 2001 and invented administration systems theory {decision theory, Simon}, which examines human problem-solving difficulties, cognitive limits on rationality, and perceptual limits on decision making. Good chess players can remember real chess positions better but not random ones better.
He lived 1927 to 1992.
He lived 1925 to 1997 and studied biofeedback and children raised by animals.
He lived 1908 to 1980 and studied territoriality and aggression.
He lived 1908 to ?.
Covert, unobservable behaviors, such as thoughts, images, and other mental events, are similar to overt or operant behavior {coverant behavior} [1965].
Processes and concepts used for spatial location and motion can extend to represent other ideas, objects, and relations, such as possession {thematic relations hypothesis}.
He lived 1934 to 2005.
She lived 1926 to 2004 and studied dying.
He lived 1927 to ?. If conditional stimulus pairs with reinforcer and then second stimulus pairs with first stimulus and reinforcer, animals do not respond to only second stimulus {blocking effect, Kamin} [1969]. Animals seem to assume minimum sufficient causation.
He lived 1928 to ? and studied sleep and dreams.
He lived 1904 to 1980 and studied mind in environment.
He lived 1926 to ?. Computation uses separate initial conditions and motion equations, but these are not separate in nature. Organisms have measurement methods and can interact with environment, allowing them to attach meaning to stimuli {semantic closure}.
Dopamine prediction neurons fire before rewards.
He lived 1933 to 1984 and studied obedience to authority. People sent commands to shock people when directed to do by authority.
He studied near-death experiences.
He studied EEG when people randomly chose to flex finger, with L. Deecke and B. Grötzinger. EEGs show change one second before they flex. If people reacted to light signal, EEG change was 0.2 second afterward.
He studied brain timing.
He studied mind in environment.
Language is about situations and about relations among communicators {situation semantics, Barwise}.
He studied language origins.
He writes popular science.
She studied ape intelligence and natural language. The bonobo Kanzi used and understood 150 words, typically to express desires or refer to present objects. Learning is instrumental association but is not necessarily referential, with no grammar.
Robots can have rules that are in separate modules that compete by inhibiting each other {subsumption architecture}. The outside world is the only model needed. The robot Cog goes directly from multisensory perception to action, without memory or language. The robot Genghis detects heat and moves toward or away.
People can easily detect rule breaking in social interactions.
He studied about self.
Language replaced grooming in larger social groups.
Chimpanzees have no sense of self and no awareness of mental states, though they can inspect their bodies using mirrors.
Brain and language allow symbolic communication {symbolic species}.
He studied language.
Tamarin monkeys are curious about their bodies and movements that they see in mirrors, unlike cats and dogs. Monkeys can have sense of self.
Kismet is robot head whose parts can move like human head parts. If it is too close to see, it cranes back, and if it is too far, it cranes forward. It checks for movement, skin color, and saturated colors and looks in weighted direction. State depends on happiness, stimulation, and willingness for new stimuli. State affects where it looks. It checks pitch for patterns of approving, disapproving, drawing attention, and soothing, but it has no language ability. It can make sounds in pitch patterns. It can move eyebrows, lips, and ears to reflect happiness, stimulation, and willingness for new stimuli.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225