Short-term memory becomes long-term memory over time {consolidation}|.
brain
In mammals, consolidation is in cerebral cortex, especially temporal lobes.
Hippocampus is for early memory consolidation. Perhaps, it uses pointers to link representation parts.
synapses
Synaptic vesicle number increases, synapse area widens, neuronal firing rate increases, and synapse number increases. Enzymes modulate synaptic transmission. Glycoprotein receptors go to synaptic membranes. Only activated synapse regions start to grow more synapses. Quiet regions do not respond to new proteins.
time
Short-term memory consolidates in one hour, but further consolidation takes years.
drugs
If drugs reduce brain electrical activity, memories do not consolidate.
electrical shock
If electrical shock reduces brain electrical activity, memories do not consolidate.
Stimulus {cue, memory} starts memory recall. Cue information determines probability of accessing memory. Cue should match cue used at storage.
Forming associations with existing memories, or forming images of existing parts {elaboration, memory}, transfers items to long-term memory and aids recall. Associations can be among items in short-term memory or to items in long-term memory. Images can combine items in short-term memory or associate features to items in long-term memory. Elaboration increases memory compared to rehearsal but takes more time.
Brain regions, mainly in cerebral cortex, that encode event also store and record event {engram}| {memory trace}. Data processing and data storage combine in mind. Coding, recursion, self-reference, and goals affect both. Forming memory changes neuron structure.
Attention and recognition give meaning to stimulus and allow it into short-term memory {identification, memory}. Item identification happens in parallel. Identification requires one quarter second.
Two words {linkword} can associate using image that combines their referents.
A new stimulus, immediately happening at same location as previous stimulus, causes immediate previous-stimulus forgetting {masking, memory}|. Brightness masking uses a higher-intensity second stimulus and affects retina. Pattern masking uses pattern, affects mental processing, and has no brightness effect. Masking does not necessarily replace the first image but only prevents consciousness [Keysers et al., 2001].
People remember verbal items by sound {phonemic code}, even for visual material. People also use weaker visual and semantic codes. People remember items better than order. Phonemic code can be how to represent physical sounds or articulate sounds.
Mind places object in scene in short-term memory {pop-out, memory}|, using motion, depth, texture, and color cues.
Information supplied after memory storage {post-event information} can cause memory change, if information is not suspect and if memory was weak. Memories change to be consistent with new information.
compromise
Conscious recall does not allow unreal or contradictory contents. However, feature mixing can happen {compromise memory, post-event information}, such as using one-object's color for another object.
recall
People take longer to recall items if they have to take into account new information.
repetition
Repeating new information increases confidence in changed memories.
Recent experience, even just one, with words, strings, lines, images, sounds, or objects unconsciously improves recognizing same experience up to one year later {priming, memory} [Bar and Biederman, 1998] [Bar and Biederman, 1999] [VanRullen and Koch, 2003]. Prime can be same as target {repetition priming}. Prime can have similar meaning {semantic priming}. Processing can aid {positive priming} or inhibit {negative priming} other processing.
perception
Perceptual processing causes priming effect, because slightly different words or objects do not prime. Priming can activate processing [Mandler, 1980].
Priming can activate transfer-appropriate processing for different memory types [Roediger and McDermott, 1993].
brain
After priming, cortex activity decreases during recognizing.
consciousness
Priming is equally in conscious and unconscious processing.
To retain retrieved or activated memory, mind must store the memory again {reconsolidation}, using proteins.
People can repeat items in verbal short-term memory in sequence {rehearsal, memory}. More rehearsal improves recall. Consciously repeating verbal items transfers them to long-term memory.
Consciousness uses external stimuli and memories {remembered present, cognition} to make images. Consciousness requires short-term memory. Short-term memory holds image parts and features as whole image develops.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225