Articulating repeated simple linguistic units while hearing target items decreases memory {articulatory suppression}. Articulatory suppression causes no difference in memory with different vowel sound lengths.
While learning two lists, people assign items to List1 or List2 and build concepts of List1 and List2 {list distinctiveness} {list differentiation} {discriminability}. More list repetitions make more discriminability.
People can see target sequence, then see distractor sequence {distractor, learning}, and then take test. People remember the first trial perfectly, by semantic coding.
Simultaneously presented unrelated linguistic items {irrelevant speech} decreases memory.
Children over five can use word that symbolizes category {mediated generalization} {learned generalization}. First, word overgeneralizes, and then word further discriminates.
Artificial syllables {nonsense syllable} have beginning and ending consonants and middle vowel. Consonant-vowel-consonant nonsense syllables can standardize material to learn. It can minimize affects of meaning, emotion, attention, imagery, and background knowledge. Nonsense syllables can prevent previous associations from affecting learning or memory [Ebbinghaus, 1913].
However, nonsense syllables are not equal in learning ease, because learners still try to match sound or symbol sequences to real words. People no longer use nonsense-syllable learning.
People can learn verbal-item-pair lists {paired-associate learning}. Later, learners hear or see the first item of pair, then recall second.
Given a sentence sequence, subjects recall sentence meaning and last sentence word {reading span task}. Number of sentences recalled correctly is reading span, which correlates strongly with prose comprehension and short-term-memory information content, better than with word span or digit span.
Adding an independent verbal item with a new vowel sound, in any language or with no meaning, to series ends can decrease memory {suffix effect}. Other items do not affect memory.
6-Psychology-Cognition-Learning-Kinds
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Date Modified: 2022.0225