Mind can build object or event classes {categorization} {conceptualizing} {categorizing, learning} {category learning} and can apply verbal labels to objects or events. Categories have an overall concept.
categories
People typically use categories whose members have approximately same values for several independent attributes. People typically do not use categories based on relations between attributes. People typically do not use categories that have two member types, two relation types, or two attribute values.
Category members typically do not share necessary and sufficient attributes. Category members have many independent attributes, and members have different sets of values, with some values outside normal range. Different member pairs typically share different attribute values.
processes
Categorization can generalize several examples, combine existing categories, divide existing categories, or make analogies from existing categories to other objects or events. Learning generalizes unconsciously and consciously from specific objects, scenes, and situations to what they have in common, what is invariant, or what is similar. Perhaps, sensory cortex averages over examples.
processes: definition
To form category, propose category member, choose attribute, and use attribute value. For example, for bird, choose wing color, and use the color blue.
People typically do not define categories using non-member or opposite attribute value.
requirements
Categorization requires perceiving whole objects and their attributes or actions, understanding truth and falsehood, using reference and association, using words as symbols for things, knowing to which attributes people pay attention, and knowing what people already know.
development
Children first make semantic categories and then build grammatical categories.
Category items can be of same class {equivalence category} or be the same {identity category}. Items in equivalence category can have same attribute value or same attribute relations.
Find situation that makes one hypothesis true, find second situation that differs from first in only one way, and test hypothesis on second situation {conservative focusing}.
Find situation that matches one hypothesis, find any other situation, and test hypothesis on other situation {focus gambling}.
For situations, test all hypotheses {simultaneous scanning}.
For hypotheses, test all situations {successive scanning}.
6-Psychology-Cognition-Learning-Kinds-Concept
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Date Modified: 2022.0225