Need, intention, goal, energy, or force {motivation, behavior}| can cause behavior.
cause
Stimulus or perception arouses organism, and then aroused organism performs the behavior.
cause: intention
Behavior uses intentions and goals. Intention happens after deliberation and is desire or purpose to perform behavior [Järvilehto, 2000].
types
Motivations can be innate or acquired. Innate motivations include drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. Acquired motivations include achievement, failure fear, power need, and affiliation need.
Motivations include self-preservation, fear of death, and finding meaning for life. Motivations include physical contact, genital stimulation, approval, praise, autonomy, domination, competency, skill, and learning.
People can like to receive assistance from others. People can need to reduce uncertainty and anxiety, by setting rules. Frustrations and threats can cause wishes for harm or actual harm to others. People conform to standards and do what other same-age-and-sex persons do. Telling the truth and being kind receive praise. Fine-arts students like self-discovery.
factors
Deprivation, stimulation, previous learning, and past successes and rewards increase motivated behavior.
satisfaction
People can satisfy needs directly, perform intermediate behaviors toward satisfying needs, substitute other behaviors to indirectly satisfy needs, or delay or stop satisfying needs.
comparison: beliefs
Beliefs are dispositions to act.
Intermittent rewards induce excessive behavior {adjunctive behavior}.
Perhaps, imbalanced physiological states motivate behavior {local-stimulus theory of drive}. However, this theory has limited applicability.
Knowledge structures {thematic organization packet} categorize human goal types and how they are met. Goals can be possession, aggression, love, and hunger satisfaction.
People's motives can relate to other people or objects {vicarious satisfaction}|, for example, people living for their children.
Differences from current situation {goal, behavior} can motivate behavior. For example, people have goal to find patterns and structures that indicate what to do next.
plan
Behaviors are relative to plans to reach predetermined goals. Failures change methods used to reach goal.
subgoals
Goal involves simpler goals, such as holding object, movements, and placing object.
value
Different goals have different values, so goals can conflict. Attachments change goal values. Fears change situation and goal [Järvilehto, 2000].
Goals {approach goal} can be desirable, such as mastery, discovery, prestige, achievement, and adventure [Järvilehto, 2000].
Goals {avoidance goal} can be undesirable, such as fear, pain, threat, injury, and death [Järvilehto, 2000].
Rewards {reinforcement}| can affect practice amount, not learning itself.
Rewards can be food or pleasure {positive reinforcement}.
Rewards can be punishment reductions {negative reinforcement}.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225