When1: 1290
When2: 1300
Who: John Duns Scotus [Duns Scotus, John] or Doctor Subtilis
What: philosopher
Where: Scotland/Oxford, England
works\ Opus Oxoniense or Oxford Work [1290 to 1300]; Understanding and Experience [1290 to 1300]; Questions on the Metaphysics of Aristotle [1290 to 1300]
Detail: He lived 1266 to 1308, was Scholastic and Franciscan, and developed Augustine's ideas in psychology {Scotism}.
Epistemology
Concepts develop from nature observation. Such concepts also apply to God. Evidence types are objects and event experiences, bodily actions, and principles, all of which people know directly. The first ideas and perceptions are confused and imperfect. Will makes some clear and perfect. Ideas that wills do not understand die out. In this way, wills control intellect.
Philosophy is for material world and is theoretical. Theology is for practical life and is spiritual. Only revelation gives truth.
Metaphysics
Individual objects and properties are distinct.
God is the efficient cause that keeps universe in being and keeps it from nothingness.
Mind
Will is independent of reason. The intelligent and immaterial soul links to material body by the life-force, which is the Form for body.
Theology
God impregnated Jesus's mother (Immaculate Conception).
Social Sciences>Philosophy>History>Mind
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Date Modified: 2022.0224