Facts or beliefs have negations {counterfactual}|. Beliefs can be true if negations are false {counterfactual theory}. The statement "If P happens, then Q happens" {causation, conditional} can invert to "If Q does not happen, then P does not happen" {counterfactual conditional}.
For all a and b, "a is true if and only if b" and "b is true if and only if a" are true {equivalence thesis}.
Proving statements false {falsification}| can gain knowledge.
Reasoning can use difficult sentence types, rhetorical argument tricks, or emotional tactics {sophism}|.
Logical inferences {valid inference} can have conclusions that are true in any interpretation in which premises are true. Valid inferences, and logic, depend on word references, not uses.
6-Philosophy-Epistemology-Thinking-Statement
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Date Modified: 2022.0225