Causes {causation} are necessary or sufficient.
types
Four cause types are material cause, formal cause, efficient cause, and final cause.
space and time
Cause is always necessary to effect, precedes effect, and is spatially and temporally adjacent to effect. Events at only one instant cannot define cause or effect.
explanation
Only current thought about past events reveals causal relations. Explanation first describes object structures and movements. Then it explains how object structures and movements caused or constrained current existence, behavior, or structure.
will
Will or intent can be indirect cause. However, direct causes are physical forces.
effects
Interactions cause effects. Effects typically have several causes.
Social Sciences>Philosophy>Epistemology>Causation
6-Philosophy-Epistemology-Causation
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Date Modified: 2022.0224