6-Philosophy-Epistemology-Causation-Kinds

efficient cause

Immediately preceding events and motions {efficient cause}| directly cause effects.

final cause

Possibilities, goals, or purposes {final cause}| can begin effect events.

formal cause

Forms, essences, or ideas {formal cause}| can shape effect events.

material cause

Matter physical forces {material cause}| directly cause effects.

6-Philosophy-Epistemology-Causation-Kinds-Required

necessary cause

Effects can require prior causes {necessary cause}|. If necessary cause is not present, effect is not present.

sufficient cause

Causes {sufficient cause}| can cause effects all by themselves. If sufficient cause is present, effect is present.

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Date Modified: 2022.0225