Propositions represent situations. Propositions overlap {argument overlap} results in understanding.
Environments allow some things and do not allow others {asymmetric counterfactual dependence}, and things have relations. Thoughts causally depend on relations among things.
Statements are either true or false {bivalence}.
Correct signs can have more than one meaning {fallacy of equivocation} {equivocation fallacy}. Signs with more than one meaning can cause errors in thought and language.
Predicates denote subject or set properties {extension, semantics}.
Formal systems can study semantics {formal semantics}. Formal model-theoretic semantics can create models that make language true. Truth-theoretic semantics can find statements that are true for all models. Semantics {possible world semantics} can create fictional models. Situation semantics can study communicators and communication situations.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225