Speech has pitch changes {intonation, modulation}|. Intonation emphasizes sentence parts, for example, signaling difference between declarative sentence and question. Speech amplitude and rhythm do not necessarily change.
Speech sounds have relative rise and fall of vocal-cord vibration frequency {pitch, speech}. Speech sounds can rise, fall, rise then fall, or have no pitch change.
Speech organs can move to rest position {release, speech}.
Phonemes {rounded phoneme} can use rounded lips.
Phonological marks {sandhi, phonetics} can be at morpheme boundaries. Neighboring sounds or grammatical functions can alter sounds. Sounds between words can fuse {external sandhi}. Sounds in words can change {internal sandhi}. English and Finnish do not show sandhi in spelling. Sanskrit can show or omit sandhi.
Tonal languages alter tones {tone sandhi}. Mandarin has high monotone, rising tone, falling-rising tone, and falling tone.
Stresses {emphasis, phonetics} {accent, phonetics}| can be on word syllable positions or sentence word positions. Languages typically place stress {fixed stress} on same syllable or word position. Word stresses are main accent and secondary accent. Accent can be on first syllable {initial accent} {initial stress}, last syllable {terminal stress} {terminal accent}, next-to-last syllable {penult syllable}, or second-to-last syllable.
Pitch changes {chromatic accent} can be for emphasis.
Accents {qualitative accent} can be stress and pitch changes.
Accents {quantitative accent} can be duration changes.
Languages {oxytonic language} can have majority of words accented on last syllable {oxytone}|.
Languages {paroxytonic language} can have majority of words accented on next-to-last syllable {paroxytone}|.
Languages {proparoxytonic language} can have majority of words accented on second-to-last syllable {proparoxytone}|.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225