Air inspirations are speech sounds {click sound} in Bushman, Hottentot, and Kafir-Sotho Bantu-family languages.
Speech can use sound w {digamma}.
In Japanese, sounds {flap sound} can mix English l and r.
In Celtic languages, initial consonants can change {initial mutation}, using aspiration, nasalization, or lenition, depending on previous-word final sound or on sentence position.
Pronounce ordinarily silent final consonant of word if next word begins with vowel {liaison, speech}|.
Speech can pronounce s as th and z as zth {lisp}|.
Consonants {oral consonant} can use only oral cavity.
Consonant h {aspirate}| is mostly moving air, without vocal-cord use. Breath puffs {aspirated consonant}, like h sounds, can follow some consonants. In Greek, aspiration or rough breathing can precede initial vowels and r. Such breathing has ' sign.
Consonants {spirant} {continuant} have no air blockage by tongue, teeth, or lips.
Consonants {liquid consonant}|, such as l and r, can have no airflow change.
Liquid consonants l and r and nasal consonants m and n {vocalic consonant} begin with vowel sounds.
Alveolar ridge behind teeth {alveolar sound} makes b, t, and n.
Consonants {palatal consonant} can put tongue near hard palate.
Consonants {velar consonant} can place tongue back near velum soft palate: g, k, and ng.
Consonants {uvular consonant} can place tongue back near uvula.
Consonants {pharyngeal consonant} can phonate at pharynx.
Consonants {bilabial consonant}, such as b, p, m, and w, can use both lips.
Consonants {labial consonant} can use one lip.
Blocked then allowed obstruction {affricate consonant} makes ch and j.
Slight obstruction makes w or y {glide, sound}.
Consonants can involve glottis {glottal stop}.
Sounds {glottal} {laryngeal} can be like Oriental and African language h's or glottal stops.
Speech can use complete air-passage closure {implosion, speech}|.
Slight obstruction makes l or r {lateral consonant}.
Consonants {nasal consonant}| can use nose. Mouth obstruction and nasal opening makes n, m, and ng.
Consonants {stop consonant} {plosive} can use air release after complete air blockage by tongue, teeth, or lips: b, p, d, t, g, and k. Hindi has stop consonants {dental stop consonant} that touch teeth or {retroflex stop consonant} that use tongue to bend up and back.
Consonants {fricative} can partially block airflow, using tongue, teeth, or lips: s, z, f, v, th, and sh. Fricative consonants can be sibilant.
Fricative consonants {sibilant} can put tongue on hard palate.
Articulation movements can be taps {tap, articulation}.
Consonants {rolled consonant} can use rapid tapping of tongue front on teeth, or of uvula against tongue back, usually to make sound r.
Tongue, lips, or uvula can make multiple taps {trill}|, rather than one tap.
Vocal-chord vibration {voiced consonant} makes b, m, z, l, and r.
No vocal chord vibration {voiceless consonant} makes p, s, and ch.
Voiceless consonants {soft consonant} can have voice.
Voiced consonants and semivowels {sonant} are similar.
Some speech sounds {voiceless sound} {unvoiced sound} do not use vocal cords.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225