Intentional torts {communication, tort} can be communications to other people that result in, or tend to result in, defamation or ostracism.
Communications can result in, or tend to result in, avoidance and shunning {ostracism}|.
Communications can result in, or tend to result in, public hatred, shame, or ridicule {defamation}|. Slander and libel are different. Publication presumes libel damages, but plaintiff must prove slander damages. Actual statement truth is a defense, but belief in statement truth is not a defense. While performing their duties, judges, legislators, and executive officials have privilege of making defamatory statements. Individuals can freely comment on public officials' actions, as long as they intend no actual malice.
written defamation {libel, tort}|.
oral defamation {slander, defamation}|.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225