Governments can require businesses to close on Sundays or enact laws {blue law}| against certain pleasures.
Laws {blue-sky law}| can control sales of risky or fraudulent securities.
Organizations can have rules {bylaw}| for conducting internal work, such as electing officers, voting, administering, and controlling finances.
basic national law {constitution, law}|.
Law clauses {grandfather clause}| can exempt people already doing something.
emergency military rule {martial law}|.
local law {ordinance}|.
Law has natural, moral, just, and right parts, and parts that are human conventions {positive law}.
Laws {statute of limitations}| {limitations statute} can limit time after crimes in which prosecution can begin.
Laws can be customs {unwritten law}.
law systematization {codification}| {law code}.
Laws {penal code}| can list penalties about felonies and misdemeanors.
New-case judgments depend on previous-case results {case law}.
Cases are similar to central cases, which define dispute essence {focal meaning} and are models of justice and morals.
Legal positivism states that controversial cases have no correct answer, because past cases and laws do not apply {indeterminancy}, requiring new law. Legal realists state that no case has correct answer, because existing law and cases do not cover exact case and/or are inconsistent.
Judges decide cases {precedent}| to establish case law for future similar situations.
English legal system depends on the rule "stand by decided cases" {stare decisis}|, or law as established by previous decisions.
European, Latin American, and Asian law {statutory law}| has statutes based on Napoleonic Code, with no common law. Statutory law includes civil law, public law, and criminal law. Napoleonic Code or Code Civil had statutes for all law branches. It derived from Roman law and Roman Catholic Church canon law. Many laws of England, United States, and Commonwealth countries are statutes or regulations.
Executive and legislative government branches have procedures {administrative law}.
Statutory law includes private-affairs laws {civil law}|.
Statutory law includes crime and punishment laws {criminal law}|.
Statutory law includes government and commerce laws {public law}|.
England, United States, and Commonwealth country laws {regulation, law}| can be from executive branch.
England, United States, and Commonwealth-country laws {statute}| can be in law codes.
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Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225