When1: 771
When2: 813
Who: Charlemagne
What: king
Where: France/Germany
Detail: He lived 742 to 813. Of Carolingian Dynasty of Franks, he united Franks again [771]. He defeated Spanish Moors and set up Spanish March, from along Pyrenees down to Ebro River and Catalonia. He took Austria [788], defeated Saxons, converted them, and restored Leo III to Holy See after defeating Lombards. He got Carinthia and Bohemia from Avars, Wends, and Slavs. He set up the Dane Mark or Dane March at Elbe River in north Germany to stop Danes. He became emperor of Western Empire of Rome [800], when Pope Leo III, who had regained Rome by Charlemagne's conquests, crowned him. Western Empire of Rome had France, Germany, and Italy. Capital was at Aachen.
Charlemagne presided at synods and ruled the bishops.
Alcuin of York was his teacher, founded palace school at Aachen, ran library, and taught at Tours. Einhard wrote life of Charlemagne. It used Carolingian alphabet to copy Bibles and books.
Charlemagne set weights and measures to one silver pound equal to 240 pennies {denarii}.
Charlemagne and Catholic Church developed new warfare rules. He established royal court {aula regis}, which was superior to popular courts. He also issued decrees {capitulary} on the poor, general welfare, and education, with his council's consent.
He sent envoys {missi, envoy} to all empire parts to force law obeyance and inspect. He contacted Byzantine and Islamic Empires.
Art was for religious purposes, not just personal glory.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224