He lived 1746 to 1827 and related education to practical life at home. Children can learn by doing tasks at home and thinking about them [Pestalozzi, 1781] [Pestalozzi, 1801].
He lived 1782 to 1852, established first kindergarten, and emphasized relationship between teacher and pupil. Teacher guides, not directs, child in self-discovery. Development stages are critical, and children must fully experience them. School curriculum must have continuity and connectedness. School must maintain close contact with family and community. Play is central to learning.
Metaphysics
Man, God, and nature are an organic unity. All living things have inherent form and purpose, not predetermined, that develops through creative struggle with environment. All living things grow from simple to complex structures with same underlying pattern.
She lived 1870 to 1952 and started school for children, emphasizing coordination, senses, and freedom. Children want to learn and discover things for themselves. Children have creative energy. Teachers allow children to express themselves freely. Teachers provide possibilities for action to children, rather than dictating, lecturing, or using set tasks. Children are valued individuals.
He lived 1888 to 1939. Children need security. Collective organization provides security to individual and develops sense of obligation to other people in the collective. Individuals must feel that they have freely chosen to become part of the collective. In return for collective support, collective makes demands on individual. One goal is self-discipline. Teachers must balance kindness and severity to fulfill their responsibility to teach self-discipline. Children have responsibility to learn. Students organize into detachments, each with student leader. Students and detachments are responsible for running school. Students perform work and participate in cultural activities.
He lived 1913 to 1999 and studied educational objectives [Bloom and Krathwohl, 1956].
He lived 1883 to 1973. Children need love and freedom and need boundaries and controls. Children have rights. Parents and teachers are not too indulgent or harsh.
First, it was at Benedictine monastery [794]. It gave the first degrees in medicine [1050]. Constantine the African worked there [1070].
First, it taught canon and civil law.
First, it was at Notre-Dame Cathedral. Robert de Sorbon founded La Sorbonne [1253] for theology students without money.
University College was the first college of Oxford University.
Peterhouse was the first college of Cambridge University.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225