Chemical reactions, engines, and collisions have force, energy, and heat transfers {thermodynamics}|.
heat
Energy transfers use work, through directed kinetic energy, or heat, through temperature change or state change. Friction changes some directed energy into random energy and increases temperature. Systems can minimize friction by slowing and by using lubricants.
comparison
Thermodynamics is about extensive quantities. Statistical mechanics is about intensive quantities. Thermodynamic quantities are number of moles times Avogadro's number times corresponding statistical-mechanics quantity. Molecular-property time averages give observable thermodynamic properties.
potentials
The six thermodynamic potentials are baryon-number density, total mass-energy density, isotropic pressure, temperature, entropy per baryon, and baryon chemical potential. Rest frame is stationary or moving fluid. Baryon number density and entropy per baryon determine composition. Baryon number is constant in fluid, because density is constant, so gradient equals zero. Systems can only create entropy, not destroy it. Shock waves increase entropy. Heat flows increase or decrease entropy.
Physical Sciences>Physics>Heat>Thermodynamics
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Date Modified: 2022.0224