Materials can have asymmetric electron distributions in molecule outer orbits {ferromagnetism}|. Odd number of electrons allows materials to have permanent magnetism.
examples
Iron, nickel, cobalt, alnico alloy, liquid oxygen, lodestone, iron particles, magnetite, and ferrite have ferromagnetism.
alignment
Atom spins can align in same direction in microscopic domains. Electrostatic forces {exchange energy} align magnetic dipoles in domain. Magnets can align all domains in same orientation to make net magnetic field.
Hard ferromagnetic materials {permanent magnet}| holds magnetism even in another magnetic field. Soft-metal ferromagnets {soft magnet} lose or change magnetism in another magnetic field.
5-Physics-Electromagnetism-Magnetism-Kinds
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Date Modified: 2022.0225