Outside magnetic field causes weak, oppositely acting magnetism {diamagnetism}| in all materials. Outside magnetic field changes atom electron spins and electron orbits. Bismuth has the most diamagnetism. Two diamagnetic materials repel each other.
Solenoid coils can have large magnetic field that points down middle in one direction {electromagnet}|.
Outside magnetic field can induce weak enhancing magnetism {paramagnetism}| in materials, by affecting permanent magnetic dipole moment caused by unpaired-electron spin. Manganese, palladium, and metallic salts are paramagnetic. Paramagnetism is slightly stronger than diamagnetism. Higher temperature increases paramagnetism, by making longer dipoles. Two paramagnetic materials attract each other, because they have magnetic dipoles.
In materials, paramagnetism {ferrimagnetism}| can subtract from magnetic field. Manganese oxide is ferrimagnetic.
Materials can have asymmetric electron distributions in molecule outer orbits {ferromagnetism}|. Odd number of electrons allows materials to have permanent magnetism.
examples
Iron, nickel, cobalt, alnico alloy, liquid oxygen, lodestone, iron particles, magnetite, and ferrite have ferromagnetism.
alignment
Atom spins can align in same direction in microscopic domains. Electrostatic forces {exchange energy} align magnetic dipoles in domain. Magnets can align all domains in same orientation to make net magnetic field.
Hard ferromagnetic materials {permanent magnet}| holds magnetism even in another magnetic field. Soft-metal ferromagnets {soft magnet} lose or change magnetism in another magnetic field.
5-Physics-Electromagnetism-Magnetism
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Date Modified: 2022.0225