Physical and chemical tests {chemical test} {property test} can reveal chemicals present.
process
To identify chemical, test the following properties in sequence.
Check color. Check odor.
For state, find solid crystal group, liquid viscosity, or gas nature. Check melting or boiling point.
For solubility, check in water, organic solvent, base, bicarbonate, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid, which protonates O, N, and S.
For combustion, use Beilstein test for halides, ignition test for highly unsaturated or aromatic organic chemicals, and flame test for metals.
process: chemical tests
Use chemical tests for chemical groups.
Sodium iodide in acetone detects halides.
Ferrous hydroxide detects nitro- groups.
Bayer test or bromine in carbon tetrachloride detects double bonds.
Tollen's test detects aldehydes.
Iodoform, dinitrophenylhydrazine, and chromic-acid tests detect aldehydes and ketones.
Sodium bicarbonate, silver nitrate, and neutralization with base, on pH paper or in meter, detect carboxylic acid.
Sodium hydroxide, ferric chloride, and bromine water detect phenols.
Hinsberg test and nitrous acid detect amines.
Acetyl chloride, Lucas test, and chromic acid detect alcohols.
Ferric hydroamate or hydrolysis with base detects esters.
process: spectroscopy
Spectroscopy detects cyano- groups. Infrared spectroscopy detects chemical bonds. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy detects aromatic chemical groups. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detects electron densities. Mass spectroscopy detects elements.
Physical Sciences>Chemistry>Inorganic>Chemical
5-Chemistry-Inorganic-Chemical
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Date Modified: 2022.0224