Solid elements {boron} can polymerize, form rings, and be in white borates.
Elements {chlorine} can be gas, be reactive, and make hydrochloric acid. Chlorine makes chlorates, such as bleach, with oxygen.
Elements {fluorine} can be reactive gas that forms strong polar covalent bonds with non-metals and forms ionic bonds to metals.
Elements {hydrogen} can form polar covalent bonds with non-metals, making clear liquid acids. Hydrogen forms hydrides with strongly reducing metals. Hydrogen gas is mild reducing agent and reacts slowly. Chemical reactions involving hydrogen ion and hydride ion are fast.
Elements {nitrogen} can be inert gas. Ammonia is in basic fertilizer. Nitrous oxide is anesthetic. Nitrogen-nitrogen double-bond diazo compounds are solid dyes.
Elements {oxygen} can be gas and be oxidizer but be unreactive at low temperature. Ozone is powerful oxidizer. Two oxygens make the oxidizer peroxide ion. Oxygen combines with hydrogen to make water.
Elements {phosphorus, element} can have atomic number 15, with 15 protons and 15 electrons. Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus [1669]. Phosphorus means "bearer of light" in Greek.
properties
Phosphorus is non-metal, waxy, white or red, and solid. Atomic weight is 30.97, so phosphorus has 16 neutrons. Boiling point is 277 C. Melting point is 44 C. Density at 25 C is 1.82 g/cm^3.
reactions
Phosphorus is reactive and makes phosphates with oxygen. Red phosphorus is not as reactive as white. White is very reactive and catches fire in air at 35 C. At temperatures below 35 C, white phosphorus glows in air. For safety, phosphorus must be in water. Phosphorus is toxic and can damage nose and jaw cartilage and bones.
sources
Heating calcium phosphate with carbon and silicon dioxide produces phosphorus. Yearly amount is several million tons. Phosphorus is also in fluoroapatite, which is calcium, fluorine, and phosphate.
purposes
Phosphorus mainly makes phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is for fertilizers, which must have phosphate.
comparison
Phosphorus chemistry is similar to nitrogen chemistry.
Elements {silicon, element} can form silicates with oxygen to make sand, asbestos, mica, glass, and quartz. Etching it makes semiconductor circuits.
Elements {sulfur, element} can make sulfates and sulfites with oxygen, as well as sulfoxides for detergents. Hydrogen-sulfide gas has rotten-egg smell, as does carbon disulfide.
5-Chemistry-Inorganic-Chemical-Element
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Date Modified: 2022.0225