Substances {element}| can have only one atom type. Hydrogen is H2 [2 is subscript]. Nitrogen is N2 [2 is subscript]. Oxygen is O2 [2 is subscript]. Fluorine is F2 [2 is subscript]. Chlorine is Cl2 [2 is subscript]. Bromine is Br2 [2 is subscript]. Iodine is I2 [2 is subscript].
Elements, such as carbon and sulfur, can have several physical forms {allotrope}|.
Hitting light nuclei with heavy ions {cold fusion, element} makes elements 107, 108, 109, 111, and 112 [discovered from 1980 to 1996].
Lead is stable at 82 protons and 126 neutrons {magic mountain}.
Solid elements {boron} can polymerize, form rings, and be in white borates.
Elements {chlorine} can be gas, be reactive, and make hydrochloric acid. Chlorine makes chlorates, such as bleach, with oxygen.
Elements {fluorine} can be reactive gas that forms strong polar covalent bonds with non-metals and forms ionic bonds to metals.
Elements {hydrogen} can form polar covalent bonds with non-metals, making clear liquid acids. Hydrogen forms hydrides with strongly reducing metals. Hydrogen gas is mild reducing agent and reacts slowly. Chemical reactions involving hydrogen ion and hydride ion are fast.
Elements {nitrogen} can be inert gas. Ammonia is in basic fertilizer. Nitrous oxide is anesthetic. Nitrogen-nitrogen double-bond diazo compounds are solid dyes.
Elements {oxygen} can be gas and be oxidizer but be unreactive at low temperature. Ozone is powerful oxidizer. Two oxygens make the oxidizer peroxide ion. Oxygen combines with hydrogen to make water.
Elements {phosphorus, element} can have atomic number 15, with 15 protons and 15 electrons. Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus [1669]. Phosphorus means "bearer of light" in Greek.
properties
Phosphorus is non-metal, waxy, white or red, and solid. Atomic weight is 30.97, so phosphorus has 16 neutrons. Boiling point is 277 C. Melting point is 44 C. Density at 25 C is 1.82 g/cm^3.
reactions
Phosphorus is reactive and makes phosphates with oxygen. Red phosphorus is not as reactive as white. White is very reactive and catches fire in air at 35 C. At temperatures below 35 C, white phosphorus glows in air. For safety, phosphorus must be in water. Phosphorus is toxic and can damage nose and jaw cartilage and bones.
sources
Heating calcium phosphate with carbon and silicon dioxide produces phosphorus. Yearly amount is several million tons. Phosphorus is also in fluoroapatite, which is calcium, fluorine, and phosphate.
purposes
Phosphorus mainly makes phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is for fertilizers, which must have phosphate.
comparison
Phosphorus chemistry is similar to nitrogen chemistry.
Elements {silicon, element} can form silicates with oxygen to make sand, asbestos, mica, glass, and quartz. Etching it makes semiconductor circuits.
Elements {sulfur, element} can make sulfates and sulfites with oxygen, as well as sulfoxides for detergents. Hydrogen-sulfide gas has rotten-egg smell, as does carbon disulfide.
Most elements {metal, element}| are solid at room temperature, melt at high temperature, are gray to white in color, shine if polished, conduct electricity and heat, are malleable, are ductile, are dense, and tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions. The most-metallic elements are in periodic-table lower left. Elemental metals can bind to themselves in pure metals or alloys. They can bind to non-metals to make salts.
Few elements {semimetal} {metalloid}| are soft and crumbly solids or hard and brittle solids, have low melting temperature, are fairly shiny, are gray or colorless, are semiconducting, are not malleable, are not ductile, are rocklike, and have medium density.
Elements {non-metal}| can be colorless gases or colored soft solids, have low melting point, have no shine, have no conductivity, have low density, and tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions. The most-non-metallic elements are in periodic-table top right.
Radium compounds glow in the dark {radioactive element}|. Uranium and plutonium compounds are fuels for nuclear reactors.
Nuclei {transuranium element}| {transuranic element} can be heavier than uranium.
Hitting heavy nuclei with neutrons makes elements 93, 94, 99, and 100 [discovered by 1958].
Hitting heavy nuclei with alpha particles makes elements 95, 96, 97, 98, and 101 [discovered by 1958].
Hitting heavy nuclei with light-element ions, such as boron-5, makes elements 102 to 106 [discovered from 1958 to 1974].
Light-element ions can hit and split nuclei of elements above 106.
Hitting light nuclei with heavy ions {cold fusion, light nucleus} makes elements 107, 108, 109, 111, and 112 [discovered from 1980 to 1996].
Hitting light nuclei with heavy ions, such as calcium-48, makes elements 110 and 113 to 118 [discovered from 1994 on].
stability
At 114 is stable region, in which element lasts longer, especially element with 184 neutrons. Lead is also stable at 82 protons and 126 neutrons, at magic mountain.
5-Chemistry-Inorganic-Chemical
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Date Modified: 2022.0225