Chemically bonded hydrogen atom near chemically bonded nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom forms electric dipole {hydrogen bond}|. Nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine unshared-electron pairs attract hydrogen nuclei. Only nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine atoms are small enough for unshared-electron pairs to get close enough to hydrogen nucleus.
strength
Electric attraction is one-tenth covalent-bond strength.
time
Hydrogen bonds break and reform in 10^-11 seconds.
forms
Hydrogen bonds can have two configurations. Oxygen atom, hydrogen atom, and atom bonded to hydrogen can be in straight line. This hydrogen-bond type is stronger. Water has many strong-type hydrogen bonds.
At hydrogen, angle of nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom and atom bonded to hydrogen angle can be 109 degrees, as in tetrahedral configuration. This hydrogen-bond type is weaker.
multiplication
Hydrogen bond polarizes atom bonded to hydrogen atom. Polarization aligns other atoms and causes more hydrogen bonding.
Physical Sciences>Chemistry>Inorganic>Chemical Bond>Kinds
5-Chemistry-Inorganic-Chemical Bond-Kinds
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Date Modified: 2022.0224