She lived 1868 to 1921. Cepheid-variable brightness varies directly with logarithm of period {period-luminosity relationship} [1908 and 1912].
He lived 1873 to 1067 and studied star classification and evolution {Hertzsprung-Russell diagram} [1911].
He lived 1875 to 1969, measured extra-galactic-star and galaxy spectra, discovered that most spectra were red-shifted, and calculated their recessional velocities [1912].
He lived 1877 to 1057 and studied star classification and evolution (Hertzsprung-Russell diagram) [1913].
He lived 1899 to 1953, discovered galaxies (nebula) and classified them [1926], and compared galaxy recessional velocities and distances to formulate Hubble's law [1929, with Milton L. Humason].
He lived 1894 to 1966 and used general relativity to show that universe is expanding [1927], conjecturing that it began as a point (Primeval Atom) [1931].
He lived 1898 to 1974. Coma-cluster galaxies move so fast that the cluster would dissipate, so there must be more mass there [1933]. Gravitational lensing can test relativity, magnify distant objects, and find missing matter [1937].
He lived 1904 to 1968, predicted microwave background radiation [1948], and calculated helium and lithium production from hydrogen just after universe origin. He expanded Big-Bang theory, with Ralph Alpher, Robert Hermann, and James Follin.
He lived 1911 to 1995 and stated mass limit for making neutron star instead of white-dwarf star, 1.4 times solar mass (Chandrasekhar limit).
She lived 1919 to ? and demonstrated how red giant stars can make carbon, oxygen, and iron [1957: with Geoffrey Burbridge, William Fowler, and Fred Hoyle].
He lived 1915 to 2001, propounded universe steady-state theory, and demonstrated how red-giant stars can make carbon, oxygen, and iron [1957: with Geoffrey Burbridge, William Fowler, and Margaret Burbridge].
Galaxy bars and spirals are compressions in star galactic waves.
He lived 1920 to 2004 and propounded universe steady-state theory {time-symmetric universe}. He suggested that oil came to early Earth from space.
Penzias lived 1933 to ?. Wilson lived 1936 to ?. They discovered cosmic background radiation as uniform space black-body microwave noise, with temperature 3 K [1965].
He lived 1926 to ?. Hubble constant is decreasing [1969].
He lived 1919 to 2000 and found gravity waves [1969].
She lived 1928 to ?. Milky-Way-Galaxy star (and gas) rotation rate is faster than expected if all mass is visible matter, implying invisible matter [1973].
He lived 1948 to ?. Inflation never stops, because quantum fluctuations can randomly continue or stop (chaotic inflation) [1986], making many separate universes with different physical laws.
He lived 1942 to ? and studied pre-big-bang theories.
He showed that universe is expanding faster, not slowing, and hypothesized different energy type (dark energy) as cause [1998].
He showed that universe is expanding faster, not slowing, and hypothesized different energy type (dark energy) as cause [1998].
Our universe is one of many universes (multiverse), with different physical parameters.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225