Neurotransmitter synapse effects can be fast and short or slow and long {synaptic transmission}.
For fast millisecond effects, neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and glutamate, bind to receptors with ligand-gated ion channels.
For slow 0.1-second to 10-second effects, neurohormones, such as dopamine, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides, bind to receptor that activates GTP-binding proteins {G-protein}, which make second messengers such as cyclic AMP, diacylglycerol (DAG), or inositol triphosphate (IP3), which phosphorylate.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224