Cerebrum spatiotemporal firing patterns {brain code} {cerebral code} can represent actions or perceptions.
switches
Neurons are switches. They contrast below-threshold with above-threshold.
coding
Contrast or mark sequences can be codes and carry messages. Each millisecond, axon locations either have or do not have spikes.
Times between spikes can code for timing intervals.
Number of spikes per second reflects average voltage difference at axon hillock.
coding: types
Perhaps, neuron code uses average number of spikes per 100 millisecond {firing rate code}. Perhaps, neuron code uses spike timing {temporal coding}, for synchronization and oscillation.
Perhaps, neuron code is probabilistic [Rao et al., 2002].
Perhaps, neuron code uses synchronous firings {synfire chain model} [Abeles, 1991] [Abeles et al., 1993].
Perhaps, neuron code uses precisely timed spike or burst {first-time-to-spike model} [VanRullen and Thorpe, 2001].
Perhaps, brain uses standing, traveling, rotating, or compression waves [Ermentrout and Kleinfeld, 2001].
contrast
Contrast is relative intensity, intensity difference or ratio.
contrast: space
ON-center neurons have excitation when input is on their receptive-field center and inhibition when input is on annular region, so they detect contrast between central and annular regions. OFF-center neurons have excitation when input is on annular region and inhibition when input is on center.
ON-center neurons pair with OFF-center neurons and work together to enhance contrast.
contrast: opposites
Opponent-process neurons detect receptor-input ratio and so contrast extremes.
contrast: categories
Categorization neurons use thresholds to establish and contrast categories.
contrast: orientation
Cortical neurons in orientation column pair with neurons in orientation column for perpendicular or other orientation. They also pair with neurons for no orientation. The pairs enhance contrast.
contrast: process
Neurons and neuron pairs find relative values and so contrast by lateral inhibition, spreading activation, and comparing opposite receptors.
contrast: boundaries
Contrast between two things marks a boundary or threshold. No value difference means both are the same, with no boundary, mark, point, or information. Markers/boundaries are information bits. Contrasts, markers, or boundaries are like ON or OFF, 0 or 1, YES or NO. Markers provide signs or landmarks, such as indexes, for references, to which other signs can relate.
contrast: boundaries and space
Boundaries are markers in space. The idea of space depends on the idea of boundary. Boundaries separate two regions, such as self and not-self or inside and outside.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224