Enlargement and opening of spinal-cord cranial end at hindbrain was earliest brain {rhombencephalon}|.
Rhombencephalon evolved to medulla oblongata {myelencephalon}|, in hindbrain.
Above pons and further forward, rostrally towards nose, is midbrain {mesencephalon}|.
Rhombencephalon evolved to medulla, cerebellum, pons, mamillary bodies, pituitary gland, and habenula {metencephalon}|, in hindbrain.
Brain regions {rhinencephalon}| {smell brain, rhinencephalon} can be near frontal lobe.
Rostral to midbrain are epithalamus, fornix, hypophysis, hypothalamus, subthalamus, thalamus, and third ventricle {diencephalon}|, in cerebrum and forebrain. All diencephalon regions connect to each other and to cerebral cortex.
Rostral to midbrain are cerebral cortex, white matter, and basal ganglia {telencephalon}|. Cerebral cortex has frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insular, and limbic lobes.
evolution
In amphibians, dorsal telencephalon became dorsal cortex and hippocampus. Medial telencephalon became septum, which connects to hippocampus. Lateral telencephalon did nothing, because amphibians have no dorsal ventricular ridge. Ventral telencephalon became striatum, for muscle control.
In reptiles, dorsal telencephalon became dorsal cortex and hippocampus. Medial telencephalon became septum. Lateral telencephalon became dorsal ventricular ridge, for senses and/or emotions. Ventral telencephalon became striatum.
In birds, dorsal telencephalon became hyperstriatum with wulst. Medial telencephalon became septum. Lateral telencephalon became dorsal ventricular ridge. Ventral telencephalon became striatum.
In mammals, dorsal telencephalon became cerebrum, including neocortex and hippocampus. Medial telencephalon became septum. Lateral telencephalon became laterobasal amygdala for emotions. Ventral telencephalon became striatum.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225