Phosphate bonds between adenine-pentose-sugar fifth carbons and third carbons make rings {cyclic AMP}| (cAMP).
purpose
Cyclic AMP transfers one phosphate group for phosphorylation. cAMP increases active transport, degrades stored fats, uses tissue carbohydrates, increases stomach hydrochloric acid, disperses melanin, and stops platelet aggregation. cAMP mediates cell processes that increase vesicle mobility, membrane fusion, and release and cause chemotaxis, morphogenesis, and gene expression.
process: hormones
Hormones that use cAMP include calcitonin, chorionic gonadotropin, epinephrine, follicle-stimulating hormone, glucagon, luteinizing hormone, melanin-stimulating hormone, norepinephrine, parathyroid hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, vasopressin, corticotropin, and lipotropin. Hormone attaches to cell-membrane receptors that are similar to beta-adrenergic catecholamine receptors.
process
Receptors couple to G proteins and adenylate cyclase. Receptors activate membrane G protein by phosphorylation and make many cyclic AMPs. cAMP activates protein kinases, which phosphorylate other enzymes. cAMP amplifies hormone effect 100 times.
bacteria
In E. coli, cAMP stimulates flagellin synthesis, cell motility, and food-seeking behavior. E. coli protein starvation increases cAMP.
plants
cAMP regulates light-induced growth responses in giant single-celled fungus Phycomyces sporangiophore, in which dopamine and epinephrine stimulate adenylate cyclase.
protozoa
In unicellular organisms, cAMP is sensitive to catecholamines. In Tetrahymena pyriformis protozoa, cAMP regulates cell growth and glucose metabolism, as epinephrine and serotonin excite adenylate cyclase.
amoeba
Starvation causes cAMP release by myxamoebas.
fruitfly
Fruitfly learning mutants have bad cyclic-AMP or cyclic-AMP-receptor genes.
Biological Sciences>Zoology>Organ>Endocrine Gland>Hormone
4-Zoology-Organ-Endocrine Gland-Hormone
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Date Modified: 2022.0224