Protozoa {flagellate, protozoa}| (Flagellata) can be oval, have flagella, and have gullets or pseudopods. Euglena are flagellates. Sleeping-sickness protozoa are flagellates. Multicellular plants and marine metazoa evolved from flagellates.
Protozoa {flesh-like protozoa} (Sarcodina) can move by pseudopods. Amoebae eat by surrounding food with two pseudopods to make food vacuoles. Foraminifers secrete chalky shells with pores for pseudopods. Radiolarians secrete silica skeletons.
Protozoa {fresh-water protozoa} can live in fresh water. They fill contractile vacuoles with excess water and then eject water.
Protozoa {spore former} (Sporozoa) can be parasites, form spores {zoospore}, and have no cilia or flagella. Malaria plasmodium forms spores.
Protozoa {stentor} (Infusoria) can have trumpet shapes, for ciliated spiral feeding funnels.
Protozoa {sustorian} can move by cilia {mobile stage, protozoa} when young, attach to substrates by stalks when mature {sessile stage, protozoa}, and have cytoplasm tentacles that hold or pierce prey.
Protozoa {Toxoplasma} (Toxoplasma gondii) can sexually reproduce in cat species. Toxoplasma infect mammals and birds through transmission in feces, food animals, and soil. They form cysts {oocyst} that enter immune dendritic cells when in intestine.
Protozoa {vorticella} (Peritricha) can have cilia, have goblet-shaped bodies, and be retractile.
Protozoa (Ciliata) {ciliate}| can have cilia. Paramecia have oval shape, 2500 cilia, and two contractile vacuoles.
sensation
Paramecia have bilateral receptors, have neurofibril between basal bodies, and can sense if stimulus is from front or rear.
reproduction
Paramecia have one micronucleus for reproduction and one macronucleus for metabolism. Paramecia have eight mating types.
movement
Paramecia swim by spiraling forward. Touch, heat, cold, chemicals, and light change cilia beating and so swimming direction and speed, separately on each side. Paramecia cilia on both sides can go forward or reverse, or one side can go forward while other side does nothing.
Paramecia have holes {anal pore} in cell walls, from which waste leaves.
Paramecia have fixed tubes {gullet}| in cell walls, with vacuoles at base.
Near cell walls, paramecia have small bodies {trachocyst}, which send out filaments to hold prey.
Mating {conjugation, protozoa}| merges cytoplasms and exchanges nuclear material.
Bodies {kappa particle} divide independently and secrete ribonucleoprotein, which kills paramecia without kappa particles.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225