Animal rhythms {biological rhythm}| depend on year, lunar month, tides, and day.
brain clock
Brain can time intervals {brain clock} using striato-cortical loops and frontal-cortex, caudate-putamen, and thalamus dopamine neurons. Clocks can be neuron circuits for each time interval, or neuron populations can code all intervals. Somatosensory lemniscal system can backdate events.
millisecond rhythm
Biochemical reactions have millisecond intervals. Coupled reaction systems can have cycles up to 100 seconds.
second rhythm
Heartbeat has ultradian rhythm regulated by pacemaker-neuron membrane-potential changes by voltage-sensitive K-channels.
minute rhythm
Cycles can repeat every few seconds or minutes for sessile, burrowing, and boring animals. Protein regulates cell 12-minute growth cycles. Inositol-trisphosphate receptor regulates calcium release in C. elegans in fifty-second intervals.
day rhythm
People can live on 23-hour and 25-hour cycles.
development rhythm
Reaction-cycle superpositions cause development cycles, which have intervals from minutes to hours to days.
month rhythm
Biological rhythms can be monthly, for hormones and temperature. Sex-hormone levels vary over lunar month. Marine organisms feed or rest with lunar tides. Shore-living invertebrates typically have tidal cycles and long-term rhythms related to Moon cycles.
year rhythm
Biological rhythms can be yearly, for migrations and moods. Yearly rhythms include hibernation and estivation. Breeding seasons typically are yearly. In autumn, plants can die or start low-metabolism state {dormancy, plant}.
Biological Sciences>Zoology>Kinds>Mammal>Rhythm
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Date Modified: 2022.0224