Neanderthals {Homo neanderthalensis} were strong.
evolution
Neanderthals came from archaic Homo sapiens [-700000 to -500000]. They became extinct [-35000]. They are not human ancestors, because Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA is not like Homo-sapiens mitochondrial DNA (Svante Pääbo), though genomes are 99.5 percent the same. Interbreeding among humans and Neanderthals stopped by 370,000 years ago.
posture
Neanderthals had same postures and body movements as Homo sapiens.
body
Neanderthals had barrel chests and short and large limb bones.
head
Neanderthals had reduced skull thickness, low skulls, no chins, broad noses, heavy jaws, low and sloped foreheads, and heavy arched brow ridges.
teeth
Neanderthals had human teeth, which they used as clamps or vises.
handedness
Neanderthals had handedness.
brain
Brain was 900 cc to 1100 cc, with expanded parietal lobes. Special brain language areas were on left side, with right-left brain asymmetry.
language
Neanderthals spoke. Perhaps, Neanderthal throat anatomy inhibited good speech.
walking
Neanderthals walked erect.
habitat
Neanderthals lived in caves in cold climates.
culture
Neanderthals had Upper or Late Acheulian Culture of Lower Paleolithic and Mousterian Culture of Middle Paleolithic. They had customs and laws for societies.
culture: hunting
Neanderthals were big-game hunters, used wood spears with fire-hardened points [-50000], used flint weapons, and wore animal skins.
culture: fire
Neanderthals used fire [-500000] in Zhoukoudian cave in north China and had hearths.
culture: burial
Neanderthals buried the dead [-100000].
culture: painting
Neanderthals gathered red ocher.
Biological Sciences>Zoology>Kinds>Hominin
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Date Modified: 2022.0224