Jawed bony fish {teleost}| {bony fish} evolved.
bone
Fins have bony rays with muscles, allowing better control. Later, rays became fingers and toes.
skin
Bony fish have skin scales.
mouth
Bony fish have mouth at front end, allowing larger opening, more shape and size variation, more growth while maintaining streamlined shape, and larger brain, because fish can maintain streamlined shape even if brain grows.
lung
Some bony fish have lungs surrounded by blood vessels, allowing gas exchange from blood to air, to control buoyancy and extract more oxygen.
nervous system
Fish can detect features, intensities, textures, flows, and surfaces.
types
Fish include sea horse, lungfish, bass, trout, perch, flounder, swordfish, angelfish, tropical fish, goldfish, cod, barracuda, smelt, sardine, and anchovy.
dark gray, medium size, southern, long side fins, flat {angelfish} {angel fish}.
large mouth, filament for luring prey {angler fish} {goosefish}.
Toxotidae {archer fish} {archerfish} shoot water from mouth at insects and live in warm water.
Sphyraena {barracuda} have long cylindrical bodies and projecting lower jaws with long strong teeth.
Fish {crucian carp} can use lactic acid to make ethanol and so does not need oxygen.
Tropical fish with large fins {flying fish} (Exocoetidae) can glide after jumping from water.
large, sea-bass shape {grouper} (Epinephelus) (Mycteroperca).
Fish {grunion} can spawn on beaches at full moon in spring, at highest tide.
tropical, medium size {grunt}.
small fish {minnow}.
long, tubular, tropical {pipe fish}. family Syngnathidae.
Fish {porcupinefish} inflates by swallowing water or air when threatened, relates to puffer fish, and has spines.
East Coast, tropical {porgy} {sea bream} {scup} (Pagrus) (Sparidae).
Fish {blowfish} {swellfish} {globefish} {balloonfish} {puffer fish} (Tetraodontidae) (Tetraodontiformes) inflates by swallowing water or air when threatened and has no spines.
Fish {remora} (Echeneidae) sucking disk can attach to sharks.
Fish {seahorse} can be small, swim vertically, have bony plates, and have horse-head shaped heads.
large, broad shovel-shaped snout, freshwater, ancient {sturgeon}.
bottom feeding, no scales, broad head, wide mouth {toadfish}.
Deep ocean fish {viperfish} (Chauliodus macouni) eats crustaceans and small fish. First dorsal fin has photophores to attract prey.
North Atlantic, soft {weakfish} (Cynoscion regalis).
saltwater white fish {whitefish, fish}, except herring.
long thin upper jaw, related to sailfish and spearfish {marlin} (Makaira) (Tetrapturus).
large flat dorsal fin {sailfish}.
large, long bill at snout tip {swordfish, fish}.
Gulf of Mexico, long body, large silver scales, up to 2 meters and 100 kilograms {tarpon}.
Eels {eel, fish} live in fresh water and spawn in Sargasso Sea in North Atlantic Ocean.
large, colored, tropical reef {moray eel}.
long body, pointed tail {wolffish} {wolf eel}.
flatfish {flounder, fish}.
flatfish {halibut, fish}.
flatfish {plaice, fish}.
flatfish {pompano, fish}.
small flatfish, Pacific coast {sand dab}.
flatfish {sole, fish}.
large European flatfish {turbot}.
small, silver {anchovy, fish} (Engraulidae).
sprat {brisling}.
northern {herring, fish} (Clupeidae).
Small fish {pilchard, fish} can include sardines.
small, northern, silver, ocean and fresh water {smelt, fish}.
small European herring {sprat} (Clupea sprattus).
young or small pike {pickerel, fish}.
long, slender, duckbill {pike, fish}.
Teleosts {salmon, fish} (Salmonidae) can spawn in fresh water and live in sea, returning to home stream by smell.
northern coastal Atlantic, pink inside {Atlantic salmon}.
salmon {sockeye salmon}.
medium to large size, silver {trout, fish}.
very large {piracucu} {paiche} {arapaima} (Arapaima gigas).
North America, lake {bass, fish}.
east and central United States sunfish {bluegill}.
smooth skin, large flat head, long hairs {barbel} near mouth, ocean and freshwater {catfish}.
Europe, thick, spindle shape {chub}.
east Asia, red-orange color {goldfish} (Carassius auratus).
fresh water or ocean {mullet} (Mugilidae).
South America, tropical {piranha} (Serrasalmus).
Male fish {stickleback} can fight fish with red underbellies and court fish without red underbellies {key stimulus}. Stickleback fish build nests, using innate behavior.
small, South America and West Indies {guppy}.
live young, North and Central America {swordtail} (Poecilidae) (Cyprinodontiformes), related to southern platyfish {platy}.
small, striped, tropical, India {zebra fish} (Brachydanio rerio).
Fish {electric fish} (Gymnarchus) tail can generate weak electric voltages that cause discharges at 300/second. Electric organs along body detect electric field. Dorsal fin undulates to move fish forward without using tail. Objects in water alter electric field.
eel-like, South America {electric eel}.
Perciformes, Percomorphi, or Acanthopteri {perciform fish} {percoid} are largest vertebrate order, are 40% of all fish, look like perch, have ray fin, and began in late Cretaceous.
northern {cod} (Gadus morhua) (Gadidae).
Antarctica and south South America {white-blooded fish} {ice fish} (Channichthyidae).
Zanclus cornutus {moorish idol} (Zanclidae) is small tropical marine fish. Genus Heniochus butterfly fishes resemble Moorish Idols.
fresh water or ocean {perch, fish}.
small, America {sunfish} (Centrarchidae).
amber color, fork tail, warm water {amberjack} (Carangidae) {carangid} {hamachi}.
percoid {jack fish}.
carnivore, bluefin/horse mackerel, tropical {pilot fish} (Naucrates duclor).
tuna-like {skipjack} (Euthynnus).
tuna {albacore, fish}.
tuna {bigeye}.
large tuna {bluefin} {horse mackerel}.
streamlined {bonito, fish} (Sarda).
tuna {yellowfin}.
tropical {tunny} (Thunnus).
northern {mackerel, fish}.
Some jawed bony fish {salt-water lobe-finned fish} {lobefin fish} had lobefins, allowing crawling onto shore. Later, stumps became appendages.
lung
Nasal passages had internal nares openings into windpipe inside body, allowing more efficient breathing, moist and filtered air, and alternative air paths.
types
Rhipidistians are extinct. Later, Rhipidistians evolved to amphibians. Coelacanth fish (Crossopterygii) still survive today and are like Rhipidistians.
Paleozoic fish {coelacanth} are large, are bright blue to brown, have lobefins, and live in deep ocean.
Some lobefin fish {fresh-water lobefin fish} {fresh-water lobe-finned fish} had adults that lived in fresh water and on land.
fresh water
Because fresh water has no salt, they had to maintain hydrogen and salt ion balance in blood and tissues and had to control water drinking. Seawater ion balance is similar to that in cells. To live in fresh water, organisms need to pump out cell water to maintain salt and protein concentrations and to prevent bursting.
hind limb
Rear lobefins became specialized for pushing. Later, they became legs.
teeth
Teeth were for grasping but not cutting or grinding. Teeth grew, fell out, and grew back, repeating as animals grew.
hearing
Eardrum amplified sound for better hearing.
lung
They breathed using lungs. They had no gill bones and began gill loss. Later, gills closed.
evolution
Land vertebrates evolved from lobe-finned bony fish.
lobe-finned fish and tetrapods {sarcopterygian}.
Lobe-finned fish one meter long developed into four-legged fish {tetrapod}| (Tetrapoda) in shallow, plant-filled, fresh or brackish water, in tropics and subtropics. Perhaps, front limbs helped lift head above water to get more oxygen.
fins
Pectoral and pelvic fins gained feet and toes. Tetrapods have no tail fins.
bone
Vertebrae became interlocking. Neck became flexible after losing bones that joined head and shoulders. Snout became longer and head flatter. Gill and neck bones {opercular bone, tetrapod} disappeared. Longer ribs appeared. Pelvis became larger.
evolution
Most early lobefin fish were not tetrapod ancestors: Kenichthys [-400000000], Osteolepidids [-394000000], Eusthenopteron [-388000000], Panderichthys [-385000000], Elpistostege [-384000000], and Livoniana [-384000000]. Most early tetrapods are extinct and were not living-tetrapod ancestors: Elginerpeton [-378000000], Ventastega [-370000000], Acanthostega [-368000000], Ichthyostega [-366000000], and Tulerpeton [-364000000].
Sarcopterygians {lung fish} {lungfish} can have one or two lungs, live in freshwater, and have lobefins.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225