Flying {flying insect}| can be hovering, flapping, or flipping.
wing
In wing stroke, leading-edge vortex above wing increases lift, because vortex does not detach {delayed stall}. At stroke end, wing rotates to give lift {rotational lift}, like backspin on rising fastballs. At upstroke, wing goes through downstroke wake at orientation that provides lift {wake capture}. Fly hind wings act like gyroscopes to sense body orientation. Flies beat wings at 200 beats per second, under muscle-tension control.
metabolism
Flying is four times more efficient than ground locomotion but uses ten times more energy. Flying muscles have highest metabolic rates. Air has higher viscosity-to-density ratio and so is more viscous than water kinetically.
Flying can involve flapping {flapping} wings up and down.
Flying can involve moving wings in figure eights, with body horizontal {flipping}.
Flying {hovering}| can use horizontal-wing movements and twists with body vertical.
4-Zoology-Kinds-Arthropod-Insect
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225