Development involves cell specialization {differentiation, cell}.
Maturational processes {induction, cell} make cells differentiate and control cell specialization.
During development, structural, functional, and behavioral changes {maturation}| can be due only to physiological growth. Maturational processes include cell induction.
directions
Muscle maturation and control start close to trunk and progress toward limbs. Maturation goes from head to tail {cephalocaudal sequence, maturation}.
enrichment
Enriched environments featuring interactions, not just passive stimulation, can transiently raise brain protein, RNA, and hexokinase levels but not gene-expression amounts. Enriched environments can increase dendritic branching and synapse number but not cell volume [Carey, 1987] [Shatz, 1992].
Cell division and specialization determine later cells and tissues {fate mapping}.
Nucleoproteins {organizer} can determine embryonic regions.
Maturation and muscle control begin at head and progress toward tail {cephalocaudal sequence, development}.
Maturation increases movement precision {mass action to differentiation sequence}.
Proteins {morphogen, protein} can set up concentration gradients across embryos.
Embryos have development stages that correspond to phylogenetic-evolution stages {recapitulation, development} {ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny}. First embryo stage corresponds to simple and ancient ancestor. Following embryo stages are later and more-complex ancestors. Last stage is current species.
Individual development {ontogeny}| continues from conception to death and includes structure, function, and behavior changes. Genes and development processes determine growth, form, and behavior.
Species begin with simple and ancient ancestor species and evolve to become more-complex species {phylogeny}|.
Embryonic development follows taxonomy and reflects organism evolution recorded in fossils {threefold parallelism}>: development, taxonomy, and fossil record.
Development makes body structures by cell division {morphogenesis}|. Cell differentiation decreases cell adhesion, increases cell deformability, and increases cell motility. Morphogenesis increases serine proteinase, cysteine proteinase, aspartic proteinase, and metalloproteinase. Cell receptors for regulated trophoblast implantation, mammary gland involution, embryonic morphogenesis, and tissue remodeling alter.
Development makes body structures by cell specialization {epigenesis}|.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225