Minerals {mineral, nutrition} are 4% of human body weight. Essential elements are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, boron, sodium, magnesium, nickel, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, tin, and iodine. Enzymes need essential minerals. Animals like salt.
Ions {chloride, nutrition} can be main cell and intercellular-fluid anions. More chloride ion increases protein solubility. Chloride ion flows across cell membrane in nerve and muscle responses, participates in light absorption, and is in stomach hydrochloric acid. Chloride bile salts break up fats.
Ions {fluoride ion} can make teeth and bone calcium less water-soluble, and so harder, by replacing the hydroxy in hydroxyapatite. Too much fluoride stains teeth and causes arthritis. Fluoride comes from water.
Ions {iodide ion} can be in thyroid thyroxin hormone and be for thyroid, growth, water balance, nerves, and circulation. Iodine lack lowers growth and energy levels and enlarges thyroid gland to cause goiter. Iodide comes from seafood and iodized salt.
Ions {phosphorus, nutrition} can be for energy, bones, and teeth. Phosphorus comes from dairy products, lean meat, and egg yolk. Teeth and bones can have low calcium and phosphorus and cause rickets. Phosphorus is mostly in phosphates. Phosphates act as cell acid buffers, are in bones and teeth, are in ester membrane lipids, transfer in enzyme activation process, aid lipid transport, participate in energy transfers in carbohydrate breakdown and synthesis, enhance anti-oxidants, and are in DNA, RNA, ATP, and coenzymes.
Ions {selenium, nutrition} can substitute for sulfur, block peroxide formation, and bind to heavy metals. Perhaps, selenium protects against cancer.
Elements {silicon, nutrition} can be for growth, bones, and collagen.
Elements {sulfur, nutrition} can be in protein and make thioester bonds in Coenzyme A, thiamin, biotin, lipoic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and sulfolipids.
Metal ions {calcium, nutrition} can be for bones, teeth, blood clotting, body-temperature control, nerves, muscles, and iron absorption.
sources
Calcium comes from dairy products, green vegetables, and egg yolks.
biology
High phosphate or high protein in diet increases calcium loss in urine. Citrate, oxalate, and phytate, in unleavened wheat and corn bread, precipitate calcium. Active transport in intestine absorbs calcium. Calcium flows across membranes during muscle contraction and at nerve synapses.
vitamin
Vitamin D puts calcium in bones.
hormones
Parathormone liberates calcium from bones. Calcitonin adds calcium to bones.
poison
Cadmium prevents calcium entry into bones {cadmium poisoning}.
disease
Osteoporosis bone loss involves calcium and protein loss.
Metal ions {chromium} can be for insulin production and carbohydrate metabolism.
Metal ions {cobalt} can build vitamin B12 in red blood cells. Low cobalt causes anemia.
Metal ions {copper, nutrition} can be in enzymes. Ceruloplasmin protein carries copper in blood. Copper is for myelin production, melanin production, hemoglobin production, respiratory chain, oxygen transport, and iron release. Copper is in blood vessels, tendons, and bone collagen. Bile regulates copper level in blood. Low copper causes red-blood-cell anemia, connective-tissue damage, blood-vessel damage, nerve problems, and low color. There are hereditary copper diseases {Menke's syndrome} {Wilson's disease}.
Metal ions {iron, nutrition} can be in hemoglobin heme molecules that bind oxygen. Iron is in cytochrome respiration proteins. Low iron causes low energy and anemia. Tissues can have too much iron, causing hemosiderosis. Iron comes from lean meat, liver, egg yolk, green leafy vegetables, grains, and raisins.
Metal ions {magnesium, nutrition} can be in ATP, phosphate-transferring enzymes, and chlorophyll. Magnesium is for enzymes and bones. It is for acetyl-CoA production, muscle contraction, RNA synthesis, DNA synthesis, and protein synthesis. Kidneys regulate magnesium. Magnesium comes from grains, vegetables, dairy products, nuts, and fruits.
Metal ions {manganese} can be in mitochondria enzymes, thyroid, bones, nerves, mucopolysaccharides, urea, fatty acids, cholesterol, and prothrombin.
Metal ions {molybdenum} can be in enzymes for copper absorption, energy transfer, uric-acid formation, and aldehyde oxidation.
Metal ions {potassium, nutrition} can be main cell-fluid cations and be for nerves and muscles. More potassium ion increases protein solubility. Potassium flows across cell membranes in nerve and muscle responses. Potassium is for light absorption. Potassium bile salts break up fats. Potassium comes from seafood, dairy products, fruits, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and vegetables.
Metal ions {sodium, nutrition} can be main intercellular-fluid cations. More sodium ion increases protein water solubility. Sodium flows across cell membranes in nerve and muscle responses. Sodium is for light absorption. Sodium bile salts break up fats.
Metal ions {tin, nutrition} can be trace metals.
Metal ions {vanadium} can be in bones, teeth, and lipids and be for reproduction metabolism.
Metal ions {zinc, nutrition} can be in enzymes for alcohol breakdown, glycolysis, TCA cycle, and DNA production and in cytochromes, amino acids, albumin, glycoprotein, and RNA nucleoproteins. Low zinc damages hair and nails and can cause sterility, low appetite, poor growth, bad temper, and slow learning.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225