Drugs {stimulant}| can make people feel energetic. Stimulants include amphetamines (Adderall), methylphenidates (Ritalin), modafinil (Provigil), cocaine, hallucinogens, LSD, mescaline, nicotine, and phencyclidine.
biology
Stimulants increase synapse dopamine concentrations by preventing forebrain presynaptic-neuron dopamine reuptake. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are similar to norepinephrine. Beta-blockers for hypertension bind to norepinephrine-receptor non-active sites and prevent norepinephrine binding.
effects
Stimulants decrease learning extinction. Cocaine and methampetamine are addictive stimulants.
Amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA {analeptic}| can make people feel energetic.
Marijuana, cocaine, and opiates {euphoriant, stimulant}| make people feel exhilarated [Earleywine, 2002] [Grinspoon and Bakalar, 1993].
Analeptics {amphetamine}| can affect glutamine binding, release norepinephrine from vesicles, and increase dopamine release in frontal lobes and limbic system. Amphetamines can cause paranoid schizophrenia or worsen schizophrenic symptoms. Amphetamines improve short-term memory and transfer to long-term memory. Amphetamine, Benzedrine, Dexedrine, MDMA, Meratran, and Ritalin are amphetamines or methamphetamines.
South-American drinks {ayahuasca} can have dimethoxytryptamines and harmine, tetrahydroharmine, and harmaline beta-carbolines. Beta-carbolines inhibit monoamine oxidase, which breaks down DMT.
Areca nut, betel leaf, and lime mixture {betel} is from South Pacific.
Cacao, kola nut, tea, and coffee drugs {caffeine} can bind to adenosine-receptor non-active sites and prevent adenosine binding.
Coca-leaf stimulant {cocaine, stimulant} can affect sublenticular extended amygdala. Cocaine releases norepinephrine and dopamine from vesicles. Cocaine and similar stimulants affect synaptic-transporter proteins and so prevent dopamine and other catecholamine uptake into presynaptic terminals. Cocaine is also a euphoriant. Cocaine is not addictive [Earleywine, 2002] [Grinspoon and Bakalar, 1993].
Stimulants {guarana} can be from Amazon region.
Stimulants {kava} {keu} {kava-kava} {ava} {kawine} from South Pacific have pepper-family-plant kawine resins.
Stimulants {methylphenidate} can reduce narcolepsy.
Stimulants {phencyclidine} (PCP) {angel dust} can cause hallucinations and dissociation. PCP attaches to NMDA-receptor PCP receptor and so inhibits NMDA binding.
Mild stimulants {theobromine} can come from cacao plant.
Mild stimulants {theophylline} can come from tea.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225