Animals can have smallpox, rabies, polio, measles, yellow fever, warts, fever blisters, colds, hog cholera, and foot and mouth disease {viral infection} {virus infection}.
Varicella virus causes fever and itchy red spots {chicken pox}|, first on chest and stomach, and then in clusters on body. Blisters replace red spots, then dry and scab in one week.
Cholera toxin stimulates cAMP and so causes diarrhea {cholera}|, because toxin increases active transport.
Viruses can cause sinus headache, stuffiness, runny nose, cough, and fever {cold, disease}|.
Aedes aegypti mosquito carries virus {dengue} that causes flu and rash.
Animals can have fatal contagious viruses {distemper}|.
Viruses {Ebola virus} can begin in Africa [1977].
People can have flu {grippe}|.
Hendra virus and Nipah virus {henipavirus} are similar.
Viral liver inflammation {hepatitis}| can cause jaundice.
Virus family {herpes}| {herpes simplex} {herpes zoster} causes skin and mucous-membrane blisters.
Pig virus can cause fever, appetite loss, diarrhea, and weakness {hog cholera} {African swine fever}.
Cattle virus can cause non-fatal fever and vesicle eruption near mouth and hooves {foot-and-mouth disease} {hoof-and-mouth disease}|.
HIV-1 and HIV-2 retroviruses {human immunodeficiency virus}| [1983] can cause disease {acquired immunodeficiency syndrome} (AIDS).
virus
In all retroviruses, env gene is for coat proteins, gag gene is for core proteins, and pol gene is for reverse transcriptase and other viral enzymes.
In HIV, nef gene is for high infection. rev gene is for movement of RNA to cytoplasm. tat gene is for HIV-gene expression. vif gene is for higher infection. vpr gene is for transcription activation. vpu gene is for assembly and budding.
drug
Dideoxynucleoside anti-HIV drug {azidothymidine} (AZT) substitutes for thymidine in DNA and so prevents making DNA sequences in high-replication cells, such as retrovirus-containing cells and bone-marrow blood-precursor cells. Protease inhibitors block HIV protease, which cleaves gag protein and pol protein. Adjuvants stimulate immune system, which can help anti-HIV drugs.
Animals can have rabies {hydrophobia}.
Virus from Korea can cause fever {Korean hemorrhagic fever}.
Virus, possibly from rodents, can cause fever {Lassa fever}.
Virus {Marburg virus} reappeared in Angola [2004].
Virus can cause blood-mononucleocyte proliferation {mononucleosis}|.
Virus can cause salivary-gland swelling {mumps}|.
Virus can cause mouth foaming {rabies}|.
Virus can cause fever {Rift Valley fever}.
In electron microscopes, Ruth Bishop saw spherical RNA virus {rotavirus}| in small intestines of children with severe diarrhea [1973]. RNA has 11 segments. Rotavirus looks like wheels, has double-stranded RNA, and has three protein layers. VP7 is outer layer and has VP4 spikes for attachment. Splitting VP4 in host makes VP5 and VP8 for host entry. VP6 is middle layer and is for gene transcription. VP2 is inner layer. VP1 and VP3 enzymes copy virus genes. Rotavirus makes NSP4 toxin.
Virus can affect lungs {severe acute respiratory syndrome} (SARS) [2003].
Virus can cause skin eruptions along nerves {shingles}|.
Virus can cause small hard skin lumps {wart}|.
Virus {West Nile virus} came to USA [1999].
Perhaps, flu virus {influenza}| {flu} came from pigs, ducks, or chickens. RNA virus has eight segments, which can mutate or recombine {reassortment}.
proteins
Flu virus has surface proteins. One protein {hemagglutinin} binds to mammal or bird cell-surface sialic acid to attach virus to cells and allow entry. One protein {neuraminidase} removes sialic acid from newly formed virus surfaces to allow viruses to leave host cells and go to other cells.
proteins: coat
Some genes, such as pore-making viral-coat-protein external part M2e, do not change and might be good for vaccines.
names
Flu-virus names indicate hemagglutinin H and neuraminidase N strains, for example H5N1. These two genes have frequent point mutations that cause genetic drift. Influenza virus can use genes from different animals, resulting in genetic shift.
Birds can have deadly flu [1998] {avian flu} {bird flu} {H5N1 influenza}.
4-Medicine-Disease-Kinds-Organism
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Date Modified: 2022.0225